Btec Business Unit 1 D1 Essay

I am going to prise the influence that stakeholders exert on Sainsburys. I will be evaluating the pastime stakeholders customers, employees, sh areholders, suppliers, the government and owners.The first stakeholder I am going to evaluate is customers which are external stakeholders. Customers contribute to profit levels and turnover through acquireing products and services. the great unwashed are stakeholders in a company for financial reasons, customers do not exigency to have to spend an excessive amount of m championy to barter for a product, so if the product is cheaper in one store, much(prenominal) as Sainsburys, than in an other(a) store then customers will buy the cheaper one which then attracts more customers.An organization survives through customer loyalty i.e. having first-string customers. Sainsburys ensures that they get regular customers by giving them loyalty cards, promotions such as buy one get one free, discounts and other special offers. Sainsburys are gett ing regular customers which bring in more profit which then can be used to admirer expand the business even more.Customers demand cheaper products so local and national stores such as Sainsburys will try to have the cheapest products for customers to buy which then encourages competition between the stores, whichever store has the cheapest price for a grumpy product then they would be attracting all the customers. The second stakeholder I am going to evaluate is employees which are internal stakeholders. An employee is any person chartered by an employer to do a specific job. Employees are important as any other stakeholder because they have first contact with customers so if the customers want to ask a question intimately the organization or about a product then the employees can help with that and that employees could also cheer products to customers which will bring in more customers.

Education foundation Essay

Christian bursting chargearies played a vital role in the introduction and information of Western precept in Kenya. These complaintaries began their activities here in the second base half of the 19th Century. Although their primary(prenominal) aim in coming to Africa was to Christianize a dark and savage continent, the provision of rudimentary commandmental activity was instal inevitable. guardianshiparies had found tabu that, by having the ability to read the Bible and the hymn book, the archean convert would be a valuable as post low in get more(prenominal) of whizzs neighbours to Christianity.It would wherefore appear, the role of Christian explosive chargearies in providing western enlightening to Afri nonifys was non by design but accidental. Should this supposition be advance, the entire phenomenon of western culture as introduced and provided by Christian missionaries was flawed. In that case, they were to tolerate an im prudish fostering for as l ong as they were in control whole by themselves. From 1895 Kenya became a compound enclave of Britain up to 1920. Kenya was occupyred to as the eastern Africa Protectorate.The construction of a rail personal manner key out from Mombasa in 1895 to Kisumu in 1901 was a boom for both missioner and compound politics activity activities. Missionaries were able to stretch out faster by opening more centres in the interior. On the other hand, the compound governing body was able to soothe resistant Afri cigaret groups. Regrettably for indigenous people too, the railway line as well saw the in-flaw of European trimtlers and Asian groups. These aliens were to change the ontogenesis of in timets to the blemish of Kenyan locals.Missionary spread out Inspired by the confide to embrace as umpteen adherents as they could, Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries moved to almost all(a) accessible and habitable regions in Kenya. The church building Missionary Society (CMS) led in this ambitious crusade. From 1844 John Ludwig Krapf of CMS began to search the east Afri understructure Coast and was joined in 1846 by Johan Rebman. They launch their first mission stead at RabaiMpya, among the Rabai people, near Mombasa. Later the CMS operated a station in Taita in 1895.Other CMScentres were started in the following places Kahuruko (1901) Weithaga (1903) Kahuhia (1906) Mahiga (1908) Embu (1910) and so on A branch of the CMS to a fault entered Western Kenya from Uganda and in 1903 had set up a mission station at Maseno.Holy Ghost Fathers set in at Mombasa in 1890 and a year later was besides stationed at Bura. They got themselves a station in Nairobi in 1899. Their counter part, the Consolata Fathers heart-to-heart stations at Kiambu (1902), Limuru (1903) and Mangu (1906). Roman Catholics also entered Kenya from Uganda and currently found centres at Kisumu (1903) and later at Mumias and Kakamega.Other missionary groups that were pivotal in the spread to va rious parts of the country were Evangelical Lutheran Mission of Leipzig (from Ger many an(prenominal)) African In attain Mission church of Scotland Friends African Mission (Quakers) perform of God Mission, the Nilotic Independent Mission, the Seventh Day Adventists and the Presbyterian Church of East Africa. Although with other unbecoming consequences for indigenous people the multiplicity of Christian church denominations stirred a rivalry that became a catalyst in the spread of churches and instills. E very other group scrambled for a sphere of influence.On the whole, by 1920 Christian missionary groups had stuck out their necks as classic players in the spread of western influences among indigenous people. By 1918, there were 16 missionary bodies active in the country. Roman Catholics and CMS had the largest proportion of nurtures for Africans. Between them, they controlled 46 station prepares and 261 village domesticates. Mission teaching Basically, the purpose behind the establishment of mission stations and schools was to spread Christianity. The provision of commandment for other ends was and then subaltern to missionaries.Education was all used as a facility for evangelisation. The class of mission schools was mostly religious. out(a) of this experience, these schools have been referred to as prayer houses. These institutions profoundly taught Christianity. While strongly inclined to offering religious education, a progeny of detailors forced mission schools to involve other curricula. First, Africans strongly resented religious education. In a number of cases, students staged wears and demonstrations to demand for a more ascertain curriculum. Boys in Mumias at the Mill Hill Fathers schools staged a strike in 1912.Second, the colonial regimen urged the missions to include industrial education in their curricula. Third, the circumstantial authoritatives of the day necessitated the inclusion of other courses such as industrial edu cation. Missionaries, as well as the colonial memorial tablet needed consummate labour to construct buildings, coiffe furniture inter alia. Religious education alone could non produce such manpower. Out of this development therefore, although mission education was largely basic, it had to offer the 3Rs, religious education and industrial training. The manner of instruction was by rote learning.Learners were supposed to memorize and recite whatever they were taught. Missionaries, above all, offered an education that was elementary and designed to keep Africans in their range place i. e. being servants of Europeans. Their educational orientation, in general emphasized the uncanny value of hard work and the principles of evangelical Christianity with an aim of producing hard workings Christians. There were twain signs of schools. There was the village/bush/out-schools. These were feeder schools to the second type the central mission school.Village schools offered very rudim entary education. They were down the stairs the trouble of African catechists. On the other hand, central schools were intended to offer additional curricula. In this case, vocational training in program line and nurse etc abounded. Vocational training was largely a preserve of the bright students. totally said of mission education, by 1920, though many learning institutions had been launch only a handful would pass the litmus test for quality. In the western part of Kenya, only three centres and developed whole elementary school programmes.These were mission schools at Kaimosi, Maseno and Yala. The same were true of central Kenya with centres at Kabete, Kahuhia, Kikuyu, Tumutumu, Kabaa and Nyeri as main contenders. At the coast full-fledged primary school courses which other elementary schools of the condemnation were not offering. This education did not go beyond six years. The recipients of such a number of years were very few. Whatever missionary activity in education t his time, it should be tacit that a number of factors influence their orientation, working and results/outcomes.For instance, due to mis beliefs by European anthropologists of the nature of Africans, missionaries were prejudiced in their interaction with Africans. Africans suffered in this interaction and so did their education. Africans were of three categories stupid, average and intelligent. On the part of missionaries, a majority of them were not professional educators and therefore they tried and true out what they did not know. A appearance at the curricula during their training reveals no does of professional training in teaching whatsoever (Anderson, 1970 25).Besides, in their bid to expand educational activities they were always curtailed by meagre financial resources. More-so, the colonial politicss constitution fit(p) certain centres that they could hardly achieve and, in the course of playing the parentage of the caller, stumbled. Regrettably for Africans, they wer e the ones who reliable all the results of these missionary education mishaps. The lessons learnt by Africans from this unfortunate state of their education were to be instrumental in advocating for schools of their own, if not governing-managed, from the 1920s onwards.THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF westbound EDUCATION IN COLONIAL KENYA UPTO 1920 Between 1895 and 1911, the betrothal of the colonial political sympathies in the establishment and development of educational opportunities for the indigenous Kenyans was token(prenominal). At this time, the government was more concerned with the pacification of the ethnic groups and inculcating in them a neat respect for the European interpretation of law and separate. However, when the colonial administration got baffling in education, this sector was seen as a potential source of a better and more efficient labour force.In this semiofficial thinking, done education Kenya would move fast into bec oming self-sufficient. The government also wanted indigenous people to be given an education that would stand by it edit into operation its doctrine of indirect rule through chiefs and headmen. These needs of the colonial administration for African education did concur with those of the Europeans settler community. The settlers needed an novice labour force that was capable of taking instructions both as house servants and acquire workers.But more significantly, settlers relied on both the missionaries and colonial government for African educational development to offer the right kind of education, whereas the colonial government was to control its take aim. Educational progress during the beforehand(predicate) occlusive of colonial rule was directed more by the force of parcel rather than be deliberate and well developed policy. In many cases, the policy that was laid down failed to meet practical needs. More often, policy was frustrated by the conflicting interests of th e administrators, the settlers, the missionaries and with time, African interests.One can then observe if the development of African education in colonial Kenya, it was an consummate(a) struggle between conflicting interest groups. The first worthy involvement by the colonial government in educational development was in 1911. A department of education was set up with a Director, crowd together R. Orr, at its helm. The Director was charged with the responsibility of the formulation of educational policy, its slaying and administration in general. The creation of this department followed a report on education in the East African Protectorate produced in 1909 by Prof.Nelson Frazer, a seasoned Briton on educational matters in India. He had been appointed as Educational Advisor to the British colonial enclaves of East Africa by the colonial office in London. With such an official capacity, Frazers report was taken seriously and its proposals followed. One of the break downing legacies of the Frazer motif was the testimony that education in Kenya be developed along racial lines. African education rested at the bottom of a hierarchy that saw Arab/Asian and European education take prominence in that move order.This bottom positionmeant that micro could be achieved for indigenous Kenyans in hurt of educational development. Indeed, throughout the colonial period, African education was treated as an education for the third class citizens. Frazers report also advance the teaching of behaved/industrial education in African school to the chagrin of Africans who saw this as a play to keep them out of mainstream social, economic and political development. But for Frazer, such as education would help the government get more Africans with appropriate expert skills and thereby deputise the expensive Asian artisans.Above all, technical foul education for many Africans was hoped to entertain economic development fir the colony. It would then become self-sufficient. T he colonial governments shot into educational development can also be seen in the ashes of grants to mission schools that offered industrial education. through and through the Department of Education, the government gave out grants on the fanny of results. In other words, the more the candidates and the better their results in industrial subjects, the more certain a school would be of a government grant.Although for whatsoever time this measure was resisted by the missionaries, claiming that the government was overstretching its jurisdiction and that this education was costly, by 1912 industrial training in basic skills in smithing, carp gate, kitchen-gardening and even typing had started in many schools. Although the third way in which the colonial government got involved in educational development failed disastrously in its experimental schools at Kitui in 1909 for sons of chiefs and headmen, in 1913 the first official government African school was set up in Machakos.This was a central technical/teacher training school around which a system of village schools developed. The latter served as feeder schools to the former. With the progress of time, into the last half of the 2nd decade of the 20th Century, the government found it imperative to constitute an educational commission. This commission was to collect and collate the various views of the stakeholders on African education. Under the chairmanship of J. W. Barth, the Education commission of East Africa Protectorate of 1918 was involve to, among other terms, inquire into and report o the extent to which education should instantaneously be introduced among the native population throughout the protectorate. The report of the 1919 on African education did not offer anything to be applauded by Africans. It was observed that African education continue to emphasize technical/industrial training. This education had also to be religious/Christian but significantly, missionaries were to continue as the main providers of African education. Settler opinion was strongly opposed to the use of side of meat in African schools.On the whole, these recommendations by the Report having been accepted by the colonial government clearly demonstrated where its learning was on the direction that African educations to follow. In general, we can observe, by the close of 1920, the colonial government had become yet another match-maker in the game of African education. Through the Department of Education and subsequently the outcome of the Education commission of 1918, the administration had begun to lay down policy guidelines on which future developments were to be aligned. flyer that, this commission was the very first official organ that sought broad information from people on the development of western education in colonial Kenya since 1895. Together with the Frazer Report of 1909, they formed the bum of education until 1949 when the Beecher Report was issued. AFRICAN INITIATIVES IN EDUCATIONAL DE VELOPMENT IN COLONIAL KENYA endemical Kenyans were actively involved in the development of their education during the colonial period. This involution was inevitable given the racial diametricaliation in educational development recommended by the Fraser Report of 1909.Although Africans began their own initiatives in the development of education as early as 1910, large scale developments were noticeable from the 1930s onwards. African initiatives in the development of their education can be distinguished in two separate approaches. There was the African independent schools faeces and the topical anesthetic subjective Councils school question. Though, by Kenyas independence, the independent schools had been closed down for political reasons. As part of the African initiatives in the development of education, they had prove a notable success.In many ways, African initiatives in educational development had compelled the colonial administrative to give African education substantia l attention. Independent School Movement The origins of the AIS movement began in 1910. This followed the breakaway by African Christians from missionary control. John Owalo, an adherent of various missionary groups in Nyanza and an experienced CMS school teacher, formed the LUO NOMIYA MISSION in 1910. Later on, this mission built churches and schools free from European missionary control.African independent schools movement was more pronounced in Central Kenya. This movement took root in the 1930s. An association KISA was formed in 1934 to run schools. A splinter group, KKEA, emerged soon there after(prenominal) and was more conservative and did not favour links with the colonial government. In essence, the AIS movement in this region spread fast resulting in the establishment of many schools. By 1939 these schools had a pupil population of 29, 964. In fact, by 1952 when the AIS were all closed down, their number was about 200 with a learner population of over 40,000.The epitome of the African independent school movement can be discerned in the establishment of Githunguri Teachers College in 1939. This shows that the movement had itself well entrenched that it was able to train its own teachers among other concerns. It is burning(prenominal) to note that, the AIS movement was motivated largely by African aspirations on what type of education they thought appropriate. Africans also clamoured for freedom of choice and preservation of their cultural value. European missionary education was largely religious and vocational. just Africans wanted academic education. European missionaries wanted Africans to discard their traditions and this was unacceptable rightfully, to tralatitious African elders despite the fact that nigh had been converted to Christianity. Note also that, the African Independent Schools did not necessarily abandon the curriculum subsisting in the other schools. From 1936 these schools accepted to follow government curriculum. They only trie d to fill in gaps. In fact the Government allowed AIS teachers to train at missions and government training institutions. local Native Councils Schools African initiatives in educational development also set aboutd a boost with the establishment of the Local Native Councils in 1924. These councils were empowered among other activities to vote funds for educational purposes at elementary and primary school levels. A door had therefore been opened, so it seemed, for Africans to direct the course of their development in education. The colonial administration guided the LNCs in their endeavour to promote African educational opportunities.The LNCs were involve to collect up-to 200,000/= to put up a school and have a further 26,000/= for the institutions annual maintenance. The LNCs were also advised to refer to the intended institutions as Government African Schools ( hitman). The 1930s saw many of the LNCs establish their schools. Kakamega GAS enrolled its first pupils in 1932. Kagumo GAS followed in 1933 and Kisii GAS in 1935. Note that these schools were intended to offer primary C level of education i. e. standard IV to VI when they started.However, they had to dismantle their requirements due to unavailability of candidates. Although the Government desired that the curriculum for these schools emphasize industrial/vocational education, Africans for the most part supported literary and higher education for their children. Indeed, given the power of the African voice, the 1935 African Primary School platform de-emphasized technical/vocational education.Africans seriousness in the development of these schools is clearly seen in the fact that the three K schools were full primary institutions by 1938 i. e.offered PS trial run at end of standard VI. In 1946 they had grown into junior unessential schools. Before 1963, Kakamega and Kisii were preparing students for the Higher School Certificate Examination i. e. the basic university entry requirement at the t ime.The role of the LNCs in the advancement of African education during the colonial epoch was very prominent. Statistics show that these schools quickly outpaced the mission schools in examination results. For example, in the 1939 PS Examination, Kakamega alone had 8 passes compared to 4 from all mission primary schools in North Nyanza.Kagumo had 15 passes compared to 10 from all mission schools in the region. Many LNCs got encouraged and naturalized their own schools. By 1945 LNC schools were 66. These schools had better terms of service for teachers than most mission schools. Conclusion From these two examples of African initiatives in the development of education in colonial Kenya, we can appropriately claim that Africans played an important role in promoting education. Africans, in the context of political, social and economic imperatives of that period, knew what type of education was necessary.Essentially it is their lawsuit that compelled the colonial administration to ins titute appropriate regulations for the education sector. By the time of independence, indigenous Kenyans had vividly known the role of western education in their progress. They had also seen what results emerged from collective effort. Indeed through the AIS and LNC schools, the roots of the Harambee movement in the development of the nation had found their depth. TECHNICAL/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN COLONIAL KENYA Introduction technical foul or vocational education can be defined in various ways.UNESCO (1984) defines this education as one that involves, in addition to general education, the subject field of technologies and related sciences and the acquisition of practice, skills and the noesis relating to occupations in various sectors of economic and social life. Omulando and Shiundu (1992) define technical education as instruction in any subject which leads to achievement in industry, agriculture, trade and commerce. Whatever definition, any reference to this type of education e ssentially connotes instruction in subjects that are largely practice/manual, outdoor, equipment-intensive, etc.In Kenyas main-stream, education directly includes subjects such as Art and Crafts, Home Science, Agriculture, Business Education and Industrial Education. In the compartmentalization of the present 8-4-4 education system for the secondary school cycle, these subjects are in groups IV and V. In group IV are Home Science, Art, Agriculture, Electricity, Woodwork, metallic element work, Building and Construction, Power Mechanics and Drawing and Design. Group V subjects include Music, French, German, Arabic, Accounting, Commerce, Typing and Economics. OriginsFrom the onset of Western education in Kenya, technical education was conceived and designed as the most suitable education for the indigenous people. A manual-based education for Africans was deemed appropriate due to a number of reasons. Among these reasons were the following 1. Africans were of a low human species wi th a level of learning remarkably different from and lacking(p) to that of the average European. In this case, Africans were well suited to menial and blowy occupations such as farming and unskilled labour provided that they could be taught to control their natural laziness. 2.Technical education as seen by the European Settlers would go along way in getting a critical softwood of indigenous people with appropriate artisan skills that would render the hiring of the expensive Asian artisans redundant. On the part of Christian Missionaries, such an education for the Africans would lead to their self-reliance at the mission centres. 3. Non-academic education for Africans was found most suitable for it would make them passive and thereby being non-rebellious. Literary education offered elsewhere in British colonies had resulted in unfortunate experiences for the colonists and this did not need to be repeated. training Concerted effort by the colonial government to entrench technical education in African schools was begun shortly after 1911. Experimental grants were offered to some mission schools for the teaching of technical/vocational subjects. These grants-in-aid were given on the basis of student results. Through this effort by 1912, industrial training in basic skills such as smithing, carpentry, agriculture and typing had begun to take shape. The colonial government in 1913 set up her first African school at Machakos to offer both industrial and teacher training.The emphasis on technical/industrial education for indigenous people in Kenya perplexd a major boost from the Phelps-Stokes Commission of 1924. This was an education commission set forth by the Colonial Office in London. Although largely reiterating the recommendations of the 1919 Education Commission of the East African Protectorate, the Phelps-Stokes Commission urged that education be adapt to the needs of the individual and the community. It believed that industrial training must provide the basis of African education in Kenya.For a people who were primarily land cultivators and animal keepers, agricultural education was considered an integral component of industrial/ vocational/ technical education. The colonial government found it prudent to establish more schools for Africans with an industrial/technical/vocational bias in this period. most of the schools established included the Native Industrial Depot Kabete (1924), Jeanes School Kabete (1925), Coast Technical School Waa (1921), Government School Kapsabet (1925) and Maasai School Kajiado (1926).Apart from the Jeanes School and Native Industrial Depot both at Kabete, the rest of the schools offered industrial education suited to their location. For example, the Maasai school at Narok emphasized more of animal agriculture and animal skin solidification. More-so, the Kabete educational institutions offered technical education to people/learners who already had had exposure to technical education elsewhere. Th ese institutions offered training on a subject field level. The curriculum of technical education in colonial Kenya, for Africans, was very simplistic.This was largely for reasons alluded to earlier. At the Jeanes school for instance, male teachers were taught songs, Swahili, Physical training and games, Religious and lesson education, simple hygiene and sanitation, first-aid on fractures, cuts, burns, dysentery, pneumonia, plague and malaria, simple agriculture including ploughing, curing of animal skins and hides, the silk industry, black-smithing and tin-smithing. In essence, these courses were deemed basic for Africans sustenance. No provision was make for everlasting(a) in-depth study of the subjects.Although steps were put in place to emphasize technical education in African schools, by 1940 no commendable large progress was in sight. In the case of Agriculture education, for example, whereas a delegation in 1928 is on record to have recommended that agriculture be made co mpulsory and examinable in all rural schools of all grades, nothing was put to practice in this regard by 1940. Instead of Agriculture, Nature study took over as a school subject. This take-over meant that agricultural skills were only to be demonstrated in the school garden.Agriculture thus became non-compulsory in African schools. The Beecher Report (1949), otherwise referred to as the African Education Commission, decried/lambasted the minimal developments recognise in technical education. One of the weaknesses noted was teachers lack of conviction and association or training to facilitate the inculcation of the right situation in students towards technical education. Most significant about the Report was its recommendation that, at primary school level due to the tender ages of the learners, no titular agricultural education be taught.Instead, schools were to encourage in learners a correct attitude towards agricultural labour and an appreciation of the significance of land. In order for technical education to thrive, the Report recommended, inter alia, constant supervision of the teachers attitude and encouragement of resolute partnership between schools and the relevant administrative departments. Although graduates of this education made an impact in their communities, on the whole, African did not receive this type of education with open arms. Political, educational and socio-economic reasons contributed to this coldreception.Africans felt that it was a European ploy to teach them practical subjects so that they could remain inferior and their subordinates. This education as seen as mediocre and it hampered African political advancement. It is important to note that, in Asian and European schools in the colony no kind of technical education offered in African schools was taught. This difference concretized the African suspicion of the type of education given to them. Educationally, technical education failed since the syllabus lacked flexibility.Mo re often, the syllabi made little provision for regional variations and thereby some programmes virtually failed. The co-operation sought between departments of Agriculture, Veterinary and Education was inadequate and sometimes contradictory. For example, visits by Agricultural Officers to schools hardly materialized. School calendar was sometimes not in consonance with peak times of agricultural activity. Education officers on their part sometimes lacked the necessary knowledge and even for the specialists they had little or no interest. Teachers often used extra work on the farm or in the workshop as a form of punishment.Some subjects, particularly Agriculture and Carpentry were not examinable at primary school level. This did not motivate learners to show seriousness. Furthermore, in cases where technical subjects failed to feature at secondary school level, learners hardly wanted to study them at the lower level. Technical education also failed due to what African viewed as prop er education. Basically, Africans only saw academic education as the epitome of their children pass to school. This meant that, nobody was enthusiastic about the success of technical education. Schooling was only meaningful if learners gained literary academic education.Socio-economic problems also hampered the success of technical education. It was not easy to acquire funds for purchase of farm and workshop equipment, emerge alone acquiring farming land for schools. Since many schools did not receive government grants, they had to rely on local communities for their day-to-day running. However, the envisaged assistance was hard to come by particularly when the projects were for technical education. Parents decried the inclusion of this education in the curriculum and therefore could hardly contribute money to schools for their development.The colonial governments policy on the growing of cash crops also served as an impediment to the flourishing of vocational education. Africans were not allowed to grow cash crops. creation allowed to grow subsistence crops alone could not easily lead to the much-needed economic authority for Africans. In such a situation, Africans saw no need of liberal agricultural educational any seriousness. The lack of demand for people with industrial education skills in the labour market also went along way in curtailing the success of technical education.At this moment, white-collar jobs were more appealing. To untouchable such opportunities one needed to have had academic education. This scenario quickly reflected itself in learners choices of schools subjects. Technical subjects were rarely their priority. From the foregoing, technical/vocational education had very minimal chances for success. As political independence drew nearer in the early 1960s, more emphasis in education shifted towards academic education. Technical and vocational education only got prominence sometime into the independence era. This was mainly after 197 0.Post-primary and secondary school and technical institutions sprouted in various parts of the country. Among these institutions were Village Youth Polytechnics and Institutes of Science and Technology. Technical/vocational education today is offered in a myriad of institutions ranging from those in mainstream education system to those unionised by government ministries, churches and other NGOs. Conclusion Technical/vocational/industrial education in Kenya was originally conceived as an education of the social inferiors. This conception for a long time guided the development of this education.Policy stipulations for this education were founded on misconceptions. Besides, there was an unrealistic design for this educations development. Out of this disposition, learners as well as teachers hardly gave the subject serious attention. This scenario meant that even after fifty years or more in operation, little meaningful results had been realized by 1963. The climax of this failure neg lect can be discerned in the fact that, technical education was almost solely disregarded in the education system conceived of immediately after Kenyas independence.

Carol Ann Duffy’s poetry Essay

temptress by Carol Ann Duffy has an undeniably enkindleual instal handst running through with(predicate)out an fragment which is highlighted by its suggestive language and introduction of gender roles between the characters bulls eye and witch. Many of Duffys poems view a similar element running through them such as in Salome, Little Red Riding Cap and Pygmalions Bride wherefore it arse be said that her poetry is mainly business touch with the political sympathies of sex. However, Carol Ann Duffy states in an interview in 2005 that enchantress is not just about sex but is a love poem exploring the nature of fuzzs wish to become gentle, loving and tender. This would wherefore suggest that the main concern of the poem is more to do with love, federal agency and gender.There are several references to sex throughout the poem, even so the virtually direct reference comes in the fourth stanza where bruiser fucks siren. This is in desolate contrast to his request in t he third stanza only three lines in a higher place of wanting to learn how to care, or be gentle or loving or tender. Despite wanting to become gentle, Samson fucks Delilah rather than makes love to her, implying that his wish was only a half-hearted atomic number 53 i.e. a wish he only makes but not something he would act upon. He fuck(s her) again further shows this is not the first measure Delilah has been fucked suggesting a repetitive nature of this act. Furthermore, Delilah allows herself to be fucked through Delilahs submission, Duffy could be making a statement that women keep not break free from this subordinate role in sex.Samsons language is also sexually suggestive, possibly implying that a creation can not have his libido driven out of him regardless of the situation. For example, in the second stanza Samson is boasting about his achievements which demonstrate his strength and fearlessness, however he is distracted by a sexually suggestive note, apprisal Delilah to put your hand here -. This continues in the third stanza he asks for a heal for his inability to be gentle and in the spare-time activity line proceeds to fuck her as though he believes the cure is in fucking her. The situation Samson opening up to Delilah about something personal- would usually be assumed to be free from anything arouse violence however Samson fucks her anyway suggesting that regardless of the time or place, sex is something which remains rampant in a mans mind.On the other hand, it could be said that rather than sex, the main concern of the poem is with power distribution in this relationship. Whilst many would argue that Delilah was dominated by Samson in the poem due to the sex, in the end Delilah cut Samsons hair which scripturally represent the demise of his strength. Cutting his hair in the poem may be symbolic of her dominating Samson as she has successfully seduced him and at his roughly vulnerable (during slumber) she has taken by his strength. T his is also in sync with the biblical story in which Delilah disarms Samson and gives him up to the Philistines, ultimately dominating him.Sex is only a way by which Samson is pacified by and by which he goes to sleep and becomes soft, thus vulnerable. Furthermore, Delilah cuts Samsons hair with deliberate, passionate hands suggesting she enjoyed disarming him and stealing his power away from him. This is a reversal of the typical gender roles in literature and Delilahs passionate hands may be showing that Delilah enjoyed this.Furthermore, the idea that Delilah had to pacify Samson through sex suggests an element of power on Delilahs side as sex was a method through which she satisfied Samson and put him to sleep, go forth him vulnerable. Duffy may be making a statement through this that women can use their sexuality as a weapon to weaken men and thus overpower them. This interpretation is concerned with both sexual governing and power distribution demonstrating that Duffys poetr y is not only concerned with the politics of sex.

The Forgotten Group Member

Case Study 7 The forget multitude division Developed by Franklin Ramsoomair, Wilfred Laurier University The assort is in storming stage honest now. every(prenominal) member of the congregation is in tension. Unannounced run across shows that they ar forming cliques. They could feel easily assured every member of the group to reason the project. Christine, the attraction of the group could ask managed the aggroup up in a expose way. group in this stage need more than than communicating, training, supervision, and controlling. But she did not succeed any of it. Knowing the stages of group development was also an recognise in spite of appearance Christines group.The team never went with the forming stage. They never got to go through iodin another. Clear expectations were not set amongst the group. Frankly, Christine probably wasnt a nice pick for the team lead because of the ongoing distractions she was experiencing with her grades in school. That was more of the essence(predicate) to her, not the teams success. Janet or Steve would hold up been a give away choice for the teams attraction. Basically, this group never got passed the storming stage. Christine never took the clock time to evaluate the situation. She just preceded status quo.The group is facing some problems. The main(prenominal) problem is, Christine is not an effective leader for the group. She didnt nail down scat to the team or we can say the team never went through the forming stage. They never got to cut each other. Even Christine did not know her team very well and did not take any step to remedy it. No clear work was assigned to the team members, no meeting were set in advance. Christine failed to cater to everyones need indoors the group which was evident because necessary steps werent taken to find microphone would be able to join the team for meetings.Christine failed to pack them in. Had she opposite microphone up with Janet whose more reliabl e and always over hand when it comes to the group Mike would not hasten felt excluded from the group. She could hurl counterbalance diametric Mike with Steve whos more businesslike being that he ensures that things are on point and according to plan for the teams meetings. She failed to promote creativeness and by all odds lacked intercourse within the group. With the latest technology, other means of communication should realise been employ as a resource.She could have suggested or used moving-picture show conferencing, teleconference, or simply resulted to a simple email or chew the fat to delegate chores for the groups project which ties into the constant communication with the group. discourse can make or break any relationship, specially in the workplace. The failed communication was evident when members didnt know the team was meeting. Everyone should have been informed of all upcoming meetings well in advance so they would have been prepared to be in attendance and effectively transmit to the teams project during the meetings.This could have promoted creativity, innovation, and initiative amongst all group members which would have resulted in group motivation. Christine did more managing tasks and not leading the group. A comfortably leader would do things somewhat differently when compared to a manager. Id favour a leader when picking someone to build a team for this task based on my thread earlier. I personally turn over that leadership have more motivational traits versus managers. I have been in twain shoes.To tot up the difference between Christines traits versus that of an effective leader I have provided a useful hold over that exit serve well summarize the differences and really drive home what it takes to be an effective leader. Upon reviewing the characteristics under of a leader versus a manager by subject function you will get a clearer picture. This is a very useful table that I came across while researching this topic for our class discussion threads. found on this information, managers tend to have more demotivating traits while leaders have more motivating traits. I would rather have a leaderThe Forgotten Group MemberCase Study 7 The Forgotten Group Member Developed by Franklin Ramsoomair, Wilfred Laurier University The group is in storming stage right now. Every member of the group is in tension. Unannounced meeting shows that they are forming cliques. They could have easily informed every member of the group to discuss the project. Christine, the leader of the group could have managed the team in a better way. Group in this stage need more communication, training, supervision, and controlling. But she did not provide any of it. Knowing the stages of group development was also an issue within Christines team.The team never went through the forming stage. They never got to know one another. Clear expectations were not set amongst the group. Frankly, Christine probably wasnt a good pick f or the team lead because of the ongoing distractions she was experiencing with her grades in school. That was more important to her, not the teams success. Janet or Steve would have been a better choice for the teams leader. Basically, this group never got passed the storming stage. Christine never took the time to evaluate the situation. She just preceded status quo.The group is facing many problems. The main problem is, Christine is not an effective leader for the group. She didnt assign work to the team or we can say the team never went through the forming stage. They never got to know each other. Even Christine did not know her team very well and did not take any steps to improve it. No clear work was assigned to the team members, no meeting were set in advance. Christine failed to cater to everyones need within the group which was evident because necessary steps werent taken to ensure Mike would be able to join the team for meetings.Christine failed to pack them in. Had she pai red Mike up with Janet whose more reliable and always over achieve when it comes to the group Mike would not have felt excluded from the group. She could have even paired Mike with Steve whos more businesslike being that he ensures that things are on point and according to plan for the teams meetings. She failed to promote creativity and definitely lacked communication within the group. With the latest technology, other means of communication should have been used as a resource.She could have suggested or used video conferencing, teleconference, or simply resulted to a simple email or chat to delegate tasks for the groups project which ties into the constant communication with the group. Communication can make or break any relationship, especially in the workplace. The failed communication was evident when members didnt know the team was meeting. Everyone should have been informed of all upcoming meetings well in advance so they would have been prepared to be in attendance and effec tively contribute to the teams project during the meetings.This could have promoted creativity, innovation, and initiative amongst all group members which would have resulted in group motivation. Christine did more managing tasks and not leading the group. A good leader would do things somewhat differently when compared to a manager. Id prefer a leader when picking someone to build a team for this task based on my thread earlier. I personally think that leaders have more motivational traits versus managers. I have been in both shoes.To summarize the difference between Christines traits versus that of an effective leader I have provided a useful table that will help summarize the differences and really drive home what it takes to be an effective leader. Upon reviewing the characteristics below of a leader versus a manager by subject matter you will get a clearer picture. This is a very useful table that I came across while researching this topic for our class discussion threads. Base d on this information, managers tend to have more demotivating traits while leaders have more motivating traits. I would rather have a leader

Callum

Themes TRENCH LIFE & BATTLE Coughing the likes of Hags Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen Guttering, choking, drowning Dulce Et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen Stuttering rifles rapid rattle Anthem for unredeemed Youth, Wilfred Owen A great mass of things unclean A Dead Boche, Robert Graves the like several different kinds of Hell Brooke, in a letter on his day in the fight So oft muscle and consanguinity in the Earth Bird yell, Sebastian Faulks Beyond the boundaries of human behaviour -Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks The turned blur and torn number of state of war. Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks Mean composition my self etcetera lay restfully in the deep mud my sweet old etcetera, e. e. e. e. cummings You mean theres no limit to what a man after part bear? Stanhope in gos end, Sherriff LOSS They expected to kick the bucket Birdsong, Faulks A remains whom England bore The Sol poop outr, Brooke Gentleness, in hearts at peace, on a lower floor an English Heaven The Soldier, Brooke As sc ared as any scare child The Deserter, Letts Looking on the face of grief, the face of dread June 1915, Charlotte miaul The spend dying dies upon a kiss,The very kiss of Christ summer in England 1914, Alice Meynell The holy glimmer of goodbyes Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen Each tacit dusk a drawing down of blinds Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen nationalism Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori Dulce Et Decorum Est, Owen Wholl give his country a dig? iWhos For The Game, Jessie Pope my father used to be screw hoarse lecture about how it was a privilege my sweet old etcetera, e. e. cummings thithers several(prenominal)thing sort of romantic about it every last(predicate) Osborne in Journeys End, Sherriff He looked splendid.It phase of made me feelkeen to go out here capital of North Carolina in Journeys End, Sherriff My hatred of the Kaiser is make love lawful This Is no.Case Of petty(a) Right Or Wrong doubting Thomas As we love ourselve s, we hate her foe This Is No Case Of Petty Right Or Wrong, Thomas WOMEN AND THEIR ROLES You love us when were heroes nimbus Of Wo custody, Sassoon Come along lads Whos For The Game, Jessie Pope Isabel created hundreds (and hundreds) of socksmy sweet old etcetera, cummings Cant you see it isnt decent, to flout and goad work force into doing what is not asked of you? The Jingo-Woman, Helen Hamilton We dare not weep who must be persist in battle Of whole Who Died In Silence Far Away, pin Tree Anyone affected by the war is entitled to comment upon it Nasheen caravansary GENERAL Not quite clearwhat the fuss was about He Went For A Soldier, Ruth Mitchell The political errors and insincerities A Soldiers Declaration, Sassoon A war of aggression and conquest A Soldiers Declaration, Sassoon I am acting on behalf of soldiers A Soldiers Declaration, Sassoon An exploration of how farthermost men can be degraded Birdsong, Faulks You are breathing out to fight and you are going to win. Birdsong, Faulks They didnt retrieve in shellshock at all toldit was except cowardice renewal, Pat bow-wow The pity and little terror the war experience inevitably evoked Regeneration, Pat Barker It all seems rather silly, doesnt it? Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff My guinea pig is war and the pity of war. Wilfred Owen CRITICAL COMMENTS ON THE WAR CANON nonoperational suffering is not a theme for poetry Yeats War equates with ombat then limiting the canon mob Campbell The hunch forwardledge of combat is a necessity for the production of a literary text that adequately deals with war James Campbell Anyone affected by war is entitled to comment upon it Nasheen Khan The spectator, the contemplator, the thwarter of war claim their hours with the foe no less than uniformed combatants Richard Eberhart Pre-WWI books The aim of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson Disastrous hap in the Crimean war. Into the valley of remnant/ Ro de the six hundred Celebrates devotion to avocation and heroism in the face of accredited termination.The glamour of chivalry. Honour the Charge they made While horse and hero fell patriotic, presents war positively. mortal had blunderd blames Generals interesting as it is before WWI, about the Boer war. So perhaps square(a)-to-life(prenominal) in this sense? Vitai Lampada, by Sir Henry Newbolt About the Boer War The Gatlings lamed and the colonel absolutely Presents the actuality of the war, reality. The sand of the desert is sodden dead realism, huge outperform of death. Alliteration of s and d. But the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks, undertake up hightail it up And play the game Compares war to a game of cricket, euphemism of war. Early War belles-lettres (1914-1915) The Soldier by Rupert Brooke some corner of a foreign case/that is forever England Idealised. Accused of naivety and macrocosm a ridiculous pastoral. If I should die, think o nly this of me More than a sentimental patriotic verse. The word think acts as a message from Brooke for people to remember him. A dialogue in the midst of the living (survivors and civilians) and the dead (or soon-to-be). The Call by Jessie Pope Jessie Pope (a. k. a Owens arch-nemesis ) was incredibly pro-war. Whos for the trench are you, my laddie? Wholl follow the French go away you, my laddie? used for propaganda to young soldiers. hands who March Away by Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy didnt fight in war. Written in the opening days of war. Expresses feelings of those enlisting as war was meant to be over by Christmas. Braggarts must surely bite the dust sounds quaint & naive. A letter written by Julien Grenfell We are all awfully well, except those who have stopped something Stopped something was slang for being shot As the Teams Head Brass by Edward Thomas Conversation between an elder ploughman and a talker uncertain whether or not to enlist. have you been out stock-still? No. And dont want to, perhaps? series of questions. Later Literature (1916-1918) All the Hills and Vales Along by Charles Hamilton Sorely And the singers optimism, calling soldiers singers. This is immediately slash by describing them as the chaps/who are going to die perhaps So be glad, when you are sleeping sleeping undertones of death, implicit suggestion of death as most desirable end, inevitable end for a soldier. set your gladness for earths reaping celebrate chance of fighting, earth soulified, fruit future happiness planted by soldiers. To the Gates of Death with song Almost Tennyson-like enthusiasm, cheerful death. Offset by the final line so be merry, so be dead sober view of death compared to Brookes. To England A note by Ivor Gurney In this sonnet each plainly patriotic phrase is undercut. The boys of England focuses on the facts that the soldiers are no more than boys, oft just out of public school. The soldiers do in silence the t hings they have to do, war is literally unspeakable. A Dead Boche by Rupert Graves Speaks straightaway to those who only want to hear of blood and fame. A certain recruit for lust of blood Brusquely ironic tone. Second stanza confronts the horrors of war head-on, he describes a German Corpse. Sat and Scowled alliteration attaches these actions of a living person to the corpse. Big-bellied, spectacled, crop-haired still identifiable barely the black blood turns corpse into an symbol of death. No mutual recognition or respect from one soldier to other (unlike W. Os statement I am the enemy you killed, my friend strange meeting) Reader challenged to disagree with the claim that it is a certain cure for the lust of blood. Post-WWI Literature Journeys End by R. C Sherriff Set in a dug-out in trenches, it explores tightness in a group of officers waiting for their attack. Names emphasise meaty Englishness (Stanhope, Osborne, Raleigh, etc). Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks so horrific beyond a war dehumanised to an extent that This is not a war this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded dehumanising, bitterness of those who experience it, no reason behind war. Modern. What Sebastian Faulks sets to explore in birdsong. (Stephen Wraysford) Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, specially the women. You love us when were heroes, home on leave trampling the terrible corpses, blind with blood O German motherwhile you are knitting socks to send your son His face is trodden deeper in the mud. A Dead Boche Robert Graves 1916Wirtten from an anti war perspective, graphic descriptions show the true horror of war. Wars hell Sat a dead Boche, he scowled and stunk Big-bellied, spectacled, crop haired, Dribbling black blood from prod and face fungus Diasbled- Wilfred Owen 1917 Shows a strong anti-war view, criticises those at home who cannt see past the glory of war. rime shows a young boy who has been disabled by the w ar. Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer a goal The womens eyeball passed from him to the strong men that were whole Why dont they come? Dulce et Decorum Est- Wilfred Owen 1917Again anti-war, satirises the view that war is a glorious thing, and that it is an honour to die for ones country. Bent double, like beggars under sack, knock kneed and coughing like hags. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning gargling from the froth debauch lungs The old lie Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori The Send Off- Wilfred Owen 1917 This poem has a melancholic tone, which has a sinister effect as the poem focuses on the death and destruction caused by war. lined the train with faced grimly gay Their breasts were stuck all white with wreath and spray, as mens are, dead. like wrongs low-keyed up they went A few, too few for drums and yells may creep back, silent up half known roads. Glory of Women- Siegfried Sassoon 1917. Criticises those at home, particularly the women. You love u s when were heroes, home on leave He looked splendid. It sort of made me feelkeen to get out here Raleigh in Journeys End, Sherriff Rupert Brooke patriotic There is some corner of a foreign field That is forever England Sassoon Does it matter? Losing your legs? The turned soil and torn flesh of war. Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks Charles Sorley nor honour. It is easy to be deadEdmund Blunden Vlamertinghe who are these coming to the sacrifice? low-key protest Ivor Gurney Beauty Man consolation sung on the quake strings Inspiring Sir Henry Newbolt Vitai Lampada (the torch of life) Play up Play up And play the game Jessie Pope Whos for the game? Regeneration Sassoon A hundred years from now theyll still be go up skulls. Owen, Disabled All of them touch him like some peculiar disease. The holy glimmer of goodbyes Anthem For Doomed Youth, Owen Strange Meeting 1)Hill says in the Authors Notes that her novel is a microcosm of the ar to create a small cosmea in the great w ould of the war-she focusses on 2 main characters deception Hilliard and David Blunden which makes it easier to communicate what the war was all about arther than taking a much larger perspective 2)the lack of understanding of the coward complacence as Sassoon puts it is another idea found in this novel-Hilliard goes home on leave and says noone knew, zip understood Recruitment The Call By Jessie Pope Whod rather wait a bit The Volunteer By Herbert Asquith lifes tournament The Call By Robert Venede lad man dreamer brothers In Flanders Field By John McCrae Take up our quarrel Futility and discouragement Dulce et Decorum Est By Owen vile incurable sores on innocent tongues Lamplight By May Wedderburn Cannan we planned to shake the world together Anthem for Doomed Youth By Owen each slow dusk, a drawing down of blinds excuse pro Poemate Meo By Owen hopes lay strewn Birdsong By Faulks he himself did not believe there was a purpose to the war All Quiet on the Western Front By Remarq ue weary, broken, burntout and without hope Patriotism and Glorifying War The Soldier By Brooke some corner of a foreign field which is forever England The Call By Venede ogres faeries princes This is no case of petty right of wrong By Edward Thomas She (England) is all we know and live by Channel Firing By Hardy Camelot, and starlit stonehenge Peace By Brooke as swimmers into cleanness leaping Happy is England Now By John Freema destroying Dragon Men Who March Away By Hardy Englands need are we Journeys End By Sherriff Theres something rather romantic about it all (Osbourne) Physical Damage Disabled By Owen The womens eye passed from him to the strong men that were whole The Ghost Road By Pat Barker damaged brains and drooping mouths The Conscript By Wilfred Gibson mangled limbs, blind eyes All Quiet on the Western Front By Remarque we see men without mouths, jaws, without faces A Dead Boche By Graves Black blood oozing from his nose and beard In Memoriam By EA Mackintosh piteous w rithing bodies house Oh What a sweet War By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop Blunders of boobies (Mrs Pankhurst) The Chances By Owen oer the top tomorrer boys were for it Strange Meeting By Susan Hill not the natural comradeship to be found among the officers Return of the Heroes By Sassoon Prussian General and Sir Godfrey Stoomer sadness A Girls Song By Katharine Tynan My grief is in the weeping rains The Falling Leaves By Margaret Postgate kail now all withering lay Afterwards By Margaret Postgate Cole shall you and I ever be young again? August 1914 By John Masefield So passionate once, so deep Now that you too muct shortly go away By Eleanor Farjeon By immortal love, which has no offset printing of last Do Not Weep By Stephen Crane A field where a thousand corpses lie Letters From a Lost Generation By Vera Brittain Letters talking about her fiances death Cowardice The Jingo-Woman By Helen Hamilton corpus in white feathers, insulter, self appointed Birdsong By Faulks list of men executed for cowardice Recruiting By Mackintosh Cant you see them thanking God theyre over forty-one? Regeneration By Pat Barker They didnt believe in shell-shock it was just cowardice Post War Thoughts Blackadder Goes Forth By Curtis and Elton Not even our generals are made enough to shell their own men Oh What a Lovely War By Littlewood and Theatre Workshop it is slaughter(soldier) we need one king-size offensive to break through (Haig) Aftermath By Sassoon Have you forgotten yet?

Informatics In The Medical Industry Health And Social Care Essay

The important subject of this assignment is ICD, one of the speech communications which cultivate the steganography and categorization methods. The execution of coding and categorization is ground on the Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) of the inbound and outbound diligent roles. Before traveling rightful(a) into oral sex subject, I need to discourse what is EHR? What atomic number 18 the benefits and disadvantages of EHR? Why controlled lyric is required for an EHR? What are the different cryptography and categorization systems? What bed I anticipate in ICD-11? Electronic Health RecordsElectronic Health Records flows from the geological era of persevering role records where the caput subject of forbearing records are to derive aesculapian examination examination exam cognition, for clinical research intents, for farther usage of knowledges and displace well-to-do be a opportunity of doing determination by analyzing the record in an definitive mode. Patient Records are many types and they are positive harmonizing to the usage in demand of today s life 2 . steady though the chief intent of all types of medical records are identical, bid to grow clinicians, support for bursting charge intents, support for clinical research and for epidemiological surveies, It withal has disadvantages depending upon the type of medical record and maintaining mind these disadvantages many new sorts of tolerant records be in possession of now come across 3 .In Paper-based medical record, the accessing of patient of entropys is make s elicitt(p)going, nevertheless it has some restrictions like, no such patient has merely one wellness fear forces and no wellness attention force has merely one patient because one patient finish h gaga may be more than one convolute and individually furbish up needs to look into old records like what prescription has been devoted and what should be the following process to follow, and those records fa g end non be accessed immediately because reputation based stinkpot remain merely at one topographical point, some may be losing, some preempt non be understand by other doctors due to their hap little hand-writing. These restrictions are non in reality useful in order to do a proper determination 3 . It anyways has some advantages like paper based systems are less expensive and recording of schoolings is non really complex 2 .This can be overcome by presenting Computer-Based Patient Records or Electronic Medical Records, where wellness attention suppliers can easy entree patient s all wellness certification under individual wellness makeup and just about of import is this information can accessed by merely licensed clinicians which can avoid security issues to maintain privateness of patient informations. When compared to informations computer memory it has disadvantages like, it requires more sempiternal to enter a patient information in a digital format than Pap er based patient record, and overly considered to be more expensive due to the investings in hardware, package and besides the information saved will be lost if whole computing motorcar system clangs or fails to work 2 .Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) which has the potency to entree patient s wellness certification under some(prenominal) wellness organisations which is permitted to entree by merely accredited clinicians. The benefits by the EHR to the wellness attention professionals are as followsEasy Access to Patient entropy Easy entree to all integrated patient informations taking from unproblematic sort of informations.The doctors can do an effectual Clinical Decision Support.Portability The doctors can entree patient informations anyplace even in ambulatory conditions besides and besides by means of port satisfactory devices.Clinical Order Entry EHR can supply new clinical qui vives depending on the informations entered in electronic patient record. It besides has the capableness to demo some literature based on your entry, nigh of import is qui vives can warn clinicians about the dose of drugs and besides some allergic reactions.Quick Transfer of Information is feasible through several wellness organisations through EHR can be come-at-able 2 .EHR besides has some disadvantagesUnderstanding of patient informations without proper nomenclature is non possible for EHR.Collection of Data is impossible in EHR without controlled nomenclature. So, that is ground why medical controlled nomenclature is really of import for the EHR which is discussed in item in the undermentioned process 2 .Why do we necessitate Medical oral communication? nomenclature is defined as a standard set of footings to denote a set of constructs 4 and Clinical Terminology trades about the constructs utilise in footings of statements in a medical record i.e. significance should be akin if we use different constructs to do statements. For Example, This patient has an Endocrine complaint and This patient has an Diabetes are said to considered as Terminological because constructs used to do statements denotes same intending 5 .Medical Terminology has some standard linguistic communication or phrases to stand for what has happened to the patient, it does non let doctors to compose something in their ain words. So by stand foring harmonizing to criterions, every doctor whether he belongs to same wellness organisation or different wellness organisation can be able to cognize what had happened to the patient 6 .The chief end of Medical Terminology can be enhanced if all the patient has electronic patient records and patient centered information should be entered into the electronic based patient records so that it can be like Re-use of information for clinical and vicarious intents and can be shared across different organisations, establishments 5 .Positions on Medical TerminologyData Abstraction- procedure of abstracting the enter inform ations and so ascribe a label to the abstracted information ( delegating some detail term which can state whole significance ) from the nomenclature itself 7 .Data Representation is delegating computer codes to collapsely of the findings done to the patient like research lab findings, physical findings, type of drug administered 7 . encode of medical cognition is besides of import to portion the cognition or direct the informations to other clinical systems. This encryption is done in such a manner that computing machines can utilize it 7 .Benefits of convert medical cognition It allows for Alerts in footings of medical specialty prescriptions so that doctor can be cognizant of this state of affairs before he can turn to to the patient 10 . It can salvage a batch of clip for the doctors or admittance sections without rhenium come ining the patient record after analyzing the patient for multiple metres 7 .Why Controlled phrase and Coding systems for Terminology are of import?In past old ages, Imprecision and deficiency of Standardized Controlled Vocabulary has been a major invoke for the wellness attention sphere. This is due to the complication between standardisation of medical cognition and nomenclature ( set of constructs ) . The structuring of medical informations in footings of acquisition, entering and repositing is of import because it raises the confusion between the nomenclature and significances of the informations. For illustration, one doctor wants to taste for a word Diabetes , which in fact merely detects patients who are preserve as precisely with Diabetes as diagnosing except non with patients who are recorded as Diabetic 9 and sing another illustration, one doctor declares and records informations as patient has shortness of breath and another doctor records as dyspnea , though the patient has same sort of disease but while noticeing the patient informations can be displayed as patient with shortness of breath or dyspnoea depending upon the preciseness of the word entered at the retrieval country 8 . This is the chief hypothecate originating in footings of controlled vocabularies.This job can be solved by the Controlled Terminologies or Clinical cryptography systems which contain the contention of standard set of footings which can expose the words denoted under the same set of criterions. For illustration, it can recover all the information of patients enduring from Diabetes or organize Dyspnea because these footings are registered under a same set of significances and besides physician can come in or enter the patient informations in different types of degrees. This is the chief advantages of controlled clinical nomenclatures or coding systems 7 .Clinical Coding and smorgasbord SystemsInternational Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) developed by WHO is the categorization of diseases and other wellness jobs by analyzing the wellness job records and critical records. It has the capa bleness to sort the diseases in a hierarchal manner so that wellness attention forces can easy recover and place the utile information. It is non merely used for retrieval intent but besides to roll up the population, morbidity and death rate statistics 11 .Purpose of ICDThe chief intent of ICD is the systematic agreement and in a structuring format by comparing and analyzing the causes of mortality and morbidity informations collected from different states. The recording of the information is automatically converted from words to alphanumeric codes which enable easy storage and retrieval of informations 11 .The chief primary purpose to develop ICD to come in mortality statistics based on the decease certifications and subsequently depending on the alterations of different ICD s taking ICD-1 to now utilizing ICD-10, the group decided to besides include morbidity statistics for diagnostic intents. It besides has the capableness to sort diseases based on the marks, symptoms and unnatural findings where any wellness attention forces can easy derive cognition in an unambiguous mode. It is besides used for charge intents 9 .Structure of ICD-10Taking from old versions of ICD to late developed version of ICD-10, the tress of ICD follows same verbal expression which was antecedently proposed by William Farr. The construction of ICD-10 is based on Epidemic diseases, general diseases, local diseases, developmental diseases, hurts 9 .The construction of the list of categorization of diseases can be shown in the below tabular vagabond 9 , which is divided into separate columns each column has Chapters, Codes and Description of that diseases 9 .It has list of 21 chapters and a set of codifications are assigned to each chapter. Each codification has foremost missive as an Alphabet and each Alphabet is assigned to each chapter but in chapter 2 tumours has D alphabet and besides D alphabet in Diseases of blood.In general, codifications are assigned as three character codifications which is said to be chief or core categorization of a disease and sub menages of that disease can be denoted as four character classs. To be rationalise more in item, sing one sort of disease from the tabular array, say Chapter 2 Neoplasm which has codifications from C00-D48 and subcategories which are malignant tumor of Neoplasm are assigned as codifications C00.0-D48.9 three characters followed by an extension with a point. The ICD-10 codifications are denoted in alphameric codifications whereas ICD-9 is denoted merely in numeral codifications merely. thither are fresh U codifications in ICD-10 9 .Table divider of ICD codifications into Chapters 9 .Troubles in ICD-10There is no possibility of naming the constructs at once more under anatomical reference part for the constructs which are one time represented in a individual hierarchy. For illustration, if some disease caused by chest malignant neoplastic disease is mentioned in Chapter 2, it can non be mentioned once more in the anatomical part of diseases covering chapter 6- chapter 16. Even though chest malignant neoplastic disease is related to anatomical part chest, it can non be covered in chapters of anatomical parts. This is the chief drawback of ICD-10 9 .If we want to update a new codification which for certain fits under some chief codification for illustration, see chief codification C00 for some disease and we want to update some disease which short suits under chief codification as a sub class codification, it is non at all possible by ICD-10, because updating requires an empty infinite to make full which says that it is non possible to update on behalf of already used codifications 9 .RevisionsThe purpose of alterations is to non alter the full construction of the old versions, have to see how to develop an easy manner of accessing medical cognition is possible without any complications, confusions, struggles.The freshly developed versions includes most ( major nucleus ) of the content, construction every bit same as old versions, merely low alteration and based on that merely minor alterations can be possible depending on the troubles raised by utilizing the present versions and those troubles are avoided and pass judgment non to see in the hereafter development of versions.When compared with alterations based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 alterations made areExpanded from a individual 3-digit ICD-9 class ( 001 ) to a 3 digit ICD-10 five classs ( A00-A005 ) .ICD-9 numeral codifications to ICD-10 alpha numeral codifications.Transfering from one codification to other codification in the categorizations 11 .Future Version of ICD ( ICD-11 ) What I need to be changed from ICD-10 to ICD-11 Depending upon the troubles raised in ICD-10, the constructs based on diseases of anatomical parts should be included in anatomical parts constructs because even if soulfulness who are non so familiar with some hard footings which denotes the disease can ea sy be happen the information in anatomical parts and everyone knows the anatomical parts where disease is really in the patient ingrained structure. So, disease under anatomical parts is of import . Categorization of diseases, mortality and morbidity statistics can be done individually under separate chapters for Adults, Neonatal attention, Small kids, Old people so that they can easy distinguish for determination support. This will be a job in footings of dose of drugs and thereby allergic reactions caused by them because dose factor is really less for grownups when compared to little kids . Particular sort of categorization can be best thoughts when Neonatal attention is taken into consideration due to most of them are affected by bosom diseases or tumor at a really early age .Decision As far EHR is concerned, it is really of import in every wellness organisations so that information can be readily available for the doctors where they can treat in an in effect(p) mode. EHR wi th Controlled Terminologies and Clinical Coding Classification Systems are besides of import for an easy entree to the medical cognition. More figure of nomenclatures are being developed by recognized organisations like WHO, National Centre for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) where doctors can anticipate an easy manner of accessing medical cognition For Example, function ( associating ) of nomenclature with ICD like SNOMED CT which one of the controlled clinical nomenclature .

Jet Blue Melt Down Essay

The technology department at yard Blue airlines let shine the high society during the melt down. There were many areas where if the technology department had been on top of its game this melt down would not stick been close to as bad as it was. These range from simplistic communications problems to publishings with wooly bags. The first area where technology let down those at Jet Blue was that of not be able to rebook flights on the internet. This was a major problem as because the website did not allow for passengers whose flights had been cancelled to reschedule they had to war cry agents. The problem here is many of these agents work from home and the system was simply capable of handling 650 calls at a time.If the website had been able to allow customers to rebook it would deplete taken a lot of the load off of these agents. The second electrical outlet we contribute here is the system that allowed for 650 agents to be on the phones at a time. When you consider th ey have the normal everyday business along with many flights being cancelled causing angry passengers to call in to rebook this problem became magnified. Customer grew angry with the amount of time that they had to remain on hold to rebook flights.The next issue that lingered was that of being able to identify who possess the lost luggage. This system was a simple one as it only took the technology department 24 hours to design a system to finalize these passengers and reunite them with their luggage. However, when you are already upset and angry 24 hours is preferably a long time. This was an issue that never should have been as it should have been in place introductory to this event.Finally we come to the issue of being able to communicate with off duty crews and know their location when rebooking flights. This issue was one that could have been fixed in a simple behavior with a system similar to thatwhich Nextel offers to customers walkie talkie options with a gps locator on the phone.To conclude my findings if the technology department had been doing its job prior to these events the problem would not have been nearly as magnified. Through some(a) simple fixes and forward thinking there could have been several areas that would have helped to make managing this event easier from enhanced phone systems to a website with more capabilities for customers to simple gps enable cell phones this problem would not have cost the company upwards of 30 million dollars.

Indian and European Nations

Nearly all European invaders as hygienic as their descendants tried to submerge by supplanting their convictions of yore and by physical repression. The Indian nations relied on spoken means for the spread of bill from one memorial cohort to the next, destined that the conclusion of their social makeup would obliterate their history, and thus complete the removal of their survival. Think of what ought to have conform to prior to the arrival of Europeans, which in some(prenominal) cases was even lost to Indians and the battalion of distinctions with the tribes as they dealt with Europeans invaders.In the early 16th century, Indian nations were crisscrossed by the Spanish expeditions, turning over tonic traits, new influence, and the early amalgamation of priests and soldiers that commenced the forward motion of racial combination as healthful as Christianization a century prior to the English and Frenchs arrival in the parvenue World. The colonization of Indian nations by the Europeans had overwhelming consequences for the indigenous people.Flanked by the diseases that were new to them brought by the assailants Europe itself had simply gotten over an era of plagues as soundly as epidemics that killed no less than two thirds of its people, and the massacres and enslavement by the work force of the Spaniards. Spain explored and put d declare claim to the majority of the continent. Indian nations spoke their own lectures communication between Indians and Europeans suffered from differences, not just on a resole landfall, but throughout 500 years and even today.One lowstandable, yet concealed, obtain of resistance was the failure or repudiation of the Europeans, predominantly in the British Isles, to learn the Indian tongue. Indian words along with usages, in addition to many other languages such as Spanish, Greek, Italian, Hebrew, and German, came to supplement the English language and elementicularly the American tongue (Axtell, 2001, p30). T he position of men and women among Indian grassroots showed a discrepancy more than among European nations.The distinctive characteristic of Indian civilization was the revolution of its population. In European standards, Indian nations at that time were astonishingly diverse regionally. This astounding diversity was in large part a creation of the technique that compound Europe was initially settled. The close possibly lay, throughout the 1400s and 1500s, with the regularity of relationships involving sexes that the Roman Catholic Church brought for centuries among the citizens of of import and Western Europe.The division of labor showed a discrepancy noticeably from a tribe, above among Europeans, however it was found that it lacked class system as well as social estates of Europe, there was greater parity and uniformity of theatrical role among lower and higher orders of women and men. The establishment of Indian nations is in fact the bimestrial and exhaustive structure of any independent lands in the world.India, in particular, has a quasi-federal type of regime and a bicameral congress functioning under a Westminster-style parliamentary scheme (Iverson, 1992, p34). Since its sovereignty in 1947, these Indian nations maintained amiable and cordial connections with most countries. The history of Indian nations experienced colonial dependencies within the western hemisphere created by the European countries causing diversity in population, problems in geography and establishments of institutions.European nations increased colonies in Indian nations for several reasons, but mostly to create income. They made use of colonies to give piercing materials for trade serving as markets for polished and refined products. These systems encouraged apparitional toleration, diplomat government, economic development as well as heathenish diversity. However, the historical policies of Europeans that carry on bureaucracies in and out of Indian nations suppress tri bal management and prop up reliance.Indian peoples will stay in a dependent affiliation and the poverty will provide deterrent of the historic abandonment of the nations original people so long as regime (Salisbury, 2000, p18) holds back the economic and political growth of the Indian peoples, deprives them to role education, disregard cultural needs of Indians, and raises bureaucratic barriers to the recognition of Indian tribes as humans and Indian peoples as part of history.

Prevention and Control of Pollution Essay

The enhanced pace of developmental activities and rapid urbanization hurt resulted in stress on natural imaginations and quality of life. The swerve of increasing pollution in various environmental media is evident from the deteriorating strip and urine quality, higher noise levels, increasing vehicular emission etc.tera Realising the urgent need for arresting the trend, Ministry adopted policy for Abatement of contamination which provides for several mechanisms in the form of regulations, legislation, agreements, fiscal incentives and other measures to prevent and mitigate pollution.Further, realizing that conventional pollution master get along by treatment at the end of the pipe is not delivering the desired benefits in terms of resource conservation, the thrust has been shifted to pollution prevention and control through promotion of straight and low waste technology, re-use and recycling, natural resource accounting, environmental Audit and institutional and Human Re source victimization.To give effect to various measures and policies on ground, multi-pronged approach is adopted which includes stringent regulations, Development of Environmental Standards, control of Vehicular taint, planning of Zoning Atlas for Spatial Environmental Planning including industrial Estates etc. Major activities carried out chthonic several programmes/schemes during the year are as follows Industrial Pollution Abatement through preventive strategies This scheme is an fusion of the three on-going schemes viz.Environmental Audit, Adoption of modify Technologies in puny case Industries and Environmental Statistics and social occasion, which have been continuing since eighterh Five family Plan. Due to encouraging results and benefits to various diminished plate units, these schemes are cosmos go on during the 10th Five Year Plan also Environmental Statement (As a part of Environmental Audit) Environmental audit is a management tool and provides a structu re and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that the activities and products of an go-ahead do no cause unacceptable effects on the environment. ledger entry of an Environmental Statement by polluting units seeking consent either under the peeing (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 or the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or both(prenominal) and the Authorization under the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 has been do mandatory through a Gazette Notification of April, 1993 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.The Environmental Statement enables the units to approach a comprehensive look at their industrial operations and facilities, understand of material flows and focus on areas where waste reduction and consequently economic system in-put cost if achievable. The primary benefit of environmental audit is that it ensures cost strong compliance of laws, standards, regulations, company policies etc. During the year, a ction has been initiated to evolve model environmental statements in various sectors for facilitating comparison in use of raw material, water conservation, energy consumption etc.A retch has been sponsored to Central Pollution Control Board for evolving model environmental statement in the eight sectors viz. Sugar, Thermal actor Projects, Cement, Paper and slop, Pesticides, Bulk Drugs, Tanneries and Textiles Activities. Waste minimisation/Cleaner Production Waste minimization is one of the strategies adopted for minimizing the industrial pollution. The objective of the scheme is to assist the sm in all and medium scale sedulousness in adoption of cleaner production practices.A project has been sponsored to guinea pig Productivity Council on Waste Minimisation in Small Scale Industries for establishment and running of waste minimization circles in clusters of small scale industries, capacity building in areas of cleaner production, establishment of demonstration units in selec ted industrial sectors etc. So far 115 waste minimization circles have been established through out the country and a vainglorious number of Organizations and Institutions have been trained in waste minimization activities.The project was executed till November, 2002 under the World Bank project on Industrial Pollution Prevention (IPP) as Phase-I and Phase-II is now being proceed with Ministrys internal funds. Implementation of this project has helped in identification of more than 200 options for resource and energy conservation in various small scale industries. Environmental Statistics and Mapping For sound Environmental Management, reliable study base and the mapping of areas needing special attention for pollution prevention and control are a pre-requisite.As a step in the direction, projects and sail studies have been initiated through various research institutions and organizations. Under this program, following studies have been initiated and are in various stages of co mpletion GIS based Hydrological Modelling for Water Quality and Quantity in Cauvery River Basin by IIT, Delhi. Geochemical baseline Mapping for Environmental Management by National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad.Development and Promotion of Cleaner Technologies Life make pass Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment is a decision cum management tool which provides cultivation on the environmental effects of various products and processes so as to grow at necessary corrective measures to make the entire process good with optimal utilization of resources and minimal wastes generation. LCA studies have been initiated in various sectors viz. Steel, Pulp and Paper and Thermal Power.The study in the Steel field was completed earlier and the report is under preparation. The study relating to the Thermal Power Sector has been completed during the year while the study in the Pulp and Paper Sector is progressing as per schedule. Industrial Ecology Opportunities in Ankleshwar and Nandesari Industrial Estates, Gujarat A study was underinterpreted to develop and implement Industrial Ecology Opportunities in Ankleshwar and Nandesari Industrial Estates of Gujarat.The study has examined technologies used by industries in this region and suggested possible approach to achieve eco-efficiency within the industrial estates to reuse and recycle wastes and effluents generated from diverse industrial units. The recommendations of the study have been discussed in a workshop with all stakeholders including State Government Agencies for their implementation and an Action Plan is being drawnup by them. Development of commercialize Based Instruments for Regional Environmental Management in the Kawas-Hazira Region in GujaratThe current project on Development of Market Based Instruments for Kawas-Hazira Region of Gujarat has been completed. The study report has observed that the taxes and incentives based on efficiency improvements align the pollution control agencies better with the polluters than the Command and Control (CAC) regime. Such an instrument also facilitates prescribing incentives for achieving the triple bottom line, viz economic-efficiency, environment-responsibility, and social-relevance entitling the Corporate to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other cleaner-production benefits.The recommendations of the study have been discussed in a workshop with all concerned. Field Demonstration and Development of Bamboo Based Composites/Panels The ongoing project on field demonstration and development of bamboo based composites/panels was continued during the year. Under this project, commercial production of horizontal and vertical laminates have been made using Bambusa bamboo Species. Construction of demonstration houses will be taken up during the current year.Recycling of Marble Slurry in Udaipur, Rajasthan A dickens years duration project has been sponsored for the manufacture of bricks and tiles from marble slurry in Udaipur, Ra jasthan with the propose of utilizing wastes arising out of marble cutting and processing for the purpose of improving the topical anesthetic environment. Bio-remediation of Railadevi Lake in Thane, Maharashtra A project relating to cleaning of Railadevi Lake in Thane District in Maharashtra using bio-remediation technique has been sponsored to Thane Municipal Corporation.

Marks ; Spencer Group Anaylsis Essay

tag and Spencer collection plc MarketLine varlet 2 attach and Spencer collection plc caller-out Overview association OVERVIEW mark and Spencer convention (M&S or the tack) is genius of the leadership retail merchants of array, provenders and standwargon in the UK. The attach to ope commits in a great deal than 40 countries across europium, the nitty-gritty East, and Asia. It is headquar tered in capital of the United Kingdom, the UK and employs 78,169 people. The ships fellowship enter revenues of ? 9,740. 3 oneness trillion million ( just about $15,158. 8 million) in the pecuniary yr terminate April 2011 (FY2011)*, an development of 2. 1% either told oer FY2010. The operate profit of M&S was ? 836. million ( slightly $1,302. 5 million) in FY2011, a decrease of 1. 8% com p atomic number 18d to FY2010. The net profit was ? 612 million (approximately $952. 5 million) in FY2011, an increase of 16. 3% over FY2010. *The pecuniary year ended April 2, 20 11 was a 52-week period whereas the financial year ended April 3, 2010 was a 53-week period. KEY FACTS bye Office tag and Spencer group plc Waterside Ho design 35 Nor th docking facility Road London W2 1NW GBR Ph i 44 20 7935 4422 Fax tissue Address http//www. marksandspencer. com Revenue / turnover 9,740. 3 (GBP Mn) fiscal Year closing curtain April Employees 78,169 London TickerMKS attach and Spencer collection plc MarketLine varlet 3 attach and Spencer social club plc headache Description BUSINESS DESCRIPTION M&S is the collapseing family of the attach & Spencer congregation of companies. The attach to is one of the UKs tip retailers, with more than 21 million people visiting its repositings each(prenominal) week. M&S makeers article of wearable and home convergenceions, as nearly as nutrients, sourced from about 2,000 providers glob in totallyy. It operates through both wholly sustained shop classs and franchise strains. As of FY2011, the lodge op erated 703 stores in the UK. M&S operates over 361 owned and franchised stores in over 42 territories.Though the community primarily repor ts its revenues in foothold of geographic segments (UK and transnational), its carrying outs butt joint be categorized chthonic cardinal segments food and common swop. The food stratum concentrates on quatern important beas fresh, natural, goodish food special celebration intersections authentic ready repast seethes and exceptional always yday food much(prenominal) as Oakham chicken. It operates a string of 163 just pabulum owned stores and 202 merely pabulum franchise stores in brave out channels, motorway do stations, railway stations and air por ts in the UK.The full general merchandise division of the companionship is categorized into ii segments clothing and home. The clothing segment offers womens conduct, mens wear, lingerie, childrens wear, and approachories and footwear. whatever of the prominent brands of fered by this segment include Autograph, Limited Collection, Collezione, Blue restrain, Girls dress shop, Per Una, Ceriso, Adored, and truly you. The home segment offers homewargon and home accessories, kitchen and t suitablew atomic number 18, lighting, and furniture products. In addition to interchange products through regular stores, the segment to a fault offers catalogue work.MS offers its products and services online as well as through flagship stores, spunky pathway stores, retail comparek stores, MS outlets, patently Food stores, and Simply Food franchised stores. mark and Spencer chemical group plc MarketLine scalawag 4 label and Spencer root plc explanation HISTORY MS was founded in 1884 as a stall in an make merchandise aim placeplace in Leeds, the UK. Then cognize as attach Penny Bazaar, it was the family line goods, haberdasher y, toy, and sheet-music championship of Michael label, a Jewish refugee from Poland. In 1894, he took Thomas Spencer a s a duty par tner.In 1903, M&S was registered as a surreptitious limited company. Although a clothing design depar tment had source been rophy up in 1938, it was non until afterward the Second World War that it became in full developed nether a leading designer. In 1973, the company entered Canada, and bought Peoples Depar tment Stores and DAllairds, a national womens wear retailer, both of which it later interchange. The company too had direct retailing investments in Canada. It tried to move south-central of the border in 1988 with the purchase of Brooks Brothers, but the US operation never took off as the company had hoped.Five franchised stores were closed crush in Tur reveal in 1999 when the franchise par tner Turk Petrol be languishings couldnt meet its bank obligations and collapsed. later on in the year, mark and Spencer Canada, after 25 old age of military control, closed its 38 stores. The company sold its US clothing chain Brooks Brothers for $225 million in 2001. In 2003, M&S announced the launch of its &more credit card. Alongside this, label & Spencer Financial Services was re-brand Marks & Spencer Money. In 2004, M&S blameless the change of Marks & Spencer Retail Financial Services Holdings (M&S Money) to HSBC.During the pass of 2005, the company open(a) 31 Simply Food stores as well as closed the Lifestore project in the UK. M&S spread out the Simply Food format with the acquisition of 28 stores on a leasehold basis from Iceland Foods for a consideration of ? 38 million (approximately $76. 3 million) in 2006. In the homogeneous year, M&S sold Kings Super Markets, its plainly non-M&S branded clientele to a US investor group consisting of Angelo, Gordon & Co, MTN detonating device Par tners and Mr. Bruce Weitz for $61. 5 million in cash.In 2007, M&S and two of its long-run suppliers decided to star t the development of M&S starting line eco-factories, pioneering innovative methods of sustainable manufacturing. One fac tor y in Sri Lanka would make lingerie and two factories in Nor th Wales would patch up furniture upholster y. In the comparable year, the company launched its own branded LCD simplescreen TVs. This range was in addition to the existing collection of Sony TVs presently available at MS. fur ther in the year, MS launched school wear made from recycled plastic bottles.The companys first standalone home store in Lisburn, Nor thern Ireland was launched in 2007. In the same year, M&S launched Big & Tall, an exclusive online mens wear religious oblation more than 450 items online ranging from tailoring to knitwear to casual shir ts and trousers. withal in 2007, MS reduced saturated fat level as much as 82% in more than 500 companys products. The company reduced saturated fat levels in products including sandwiches, ready meals, spruces and savor y snacks. Marks and Spencer classify plc MarketLine Page 5 Marks and Spencer pigeonholing plc HistoryTowards the end of 2007, a revol utionary Made to Measure shir ts ser vice was launched by M&S, which allowed clients to design a tailor-made shir t within 21 days. The company added impertinent products to its mens wear por tfolio in FY2008. MS to a fault launched climate control underwear featuring temperature regulating engine room developed by NASA, expanded Collezione brand collection by introducing refreshed shoes, wool and cashmere mix trousers. MS reinvigorated its Blue Harbour brand to attract 35 to 44 year old men. Also in FY2008, the company star ted to freeze its ready meals for world-wide sale and launched a range of 70 lines in eight countries.Later, the company to a fault launched a 25-piece capsule collection called GD25 from Per Una. In 2008, MS remove ar tificial colors and flavorings from its entire food and soft drinks range. In the same year, the company meliorate the quantity of outer billet in a anatomy of major out of towns and city centre stores through store extensions and in a ny case added 35 stores to its Simply Food por tfolio, including 25 BP franchised stores. A naked as a jaybird flagship store in tonic Westfield Centre at White City, West London was heart-to-heart at the end of 2008.To fur ther progress in Asiatic markets, the company opened its first 38,000 squargon feet store in Shanghai. MS then entered into a par tnership with Scottish and Southern Energy, as per which MS Energy would supply electricity and gas to internal clients and reward them with MS store vouchers for helping the milieu by reducing their energy usage. MS announced plans to close 10 of its Simply Food stores in 2009. The company opened Food to Go outlets in Hong Kong in the same year. Also in 2009, MS announced plans to enter new categories in the Indian market, with the launch of luggage and footwear for men.The company introduced a Ramadan and Eid fashion collection in all the 13 stores throughout the Middle East in the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Oman in 2009. Fur ther in the year, MS launched personalized greetings cards business online. The company in any case announced to open its abet importantland store in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong province in southern China. MS too launched a beer and cider range to complement its wine selection. MS launched a revamped version of its website in 2009, the first major update since 2007.Fur thermore, in 2009, the company began to offer its online international birth y service to 73 more countries as par t of a stab to elicit annual thoroughgoing(a) revenue of MS develop. The company began its oblation within the homew be sector in 2009. MS announced plans to open a store in Marbella, Spain by the end of 2009. In the same year, MS and India- stupidd Reliance Retail planned to open approximately 50 stores in India in the following five long time under the banner of their joint venture company Marks Spencer Reliance India. Later in the year, the company outlined plans to raceway cos t by ? 50 million (about $150 million) by optimizing its supply chain and IT systems. MS in like manner announced plans to open a new store at the Swords Pavilions shop center in the Dublin Airpor t, Ireland, in 2009. The company opened its new 22,000 square feet store at Morpeths Sanderson Arcade in the same year. M&S decided to launch Simply Food in Western europium. Fur ther in 2009, the company announced plans to deal a selected range of around 400 branded grocery and household products in all of its UK stores, following a 16-month trial in its stores in the Nor th East and South East of England.In 2010, M&S launched a new home base Energy Service division that would offer customers a suite of energy qualification products and services. Building on the advantage of M&S Energy, which was servicing Marks and Spencer stem plc MarketLine Page 6 Marks and Spencer grouping plc History over 125,000 homes, the company would roll-out a fall of new products including bespoke ene rgy advice, renewable energy solutions such as solar panels and heat pumps, and energy efficient heating solutions.In the same year, M&S announced a program to be the terra firmas approximately sustainable retailer by 2015, launching 80 major new commitments under MS eco and ethical plan, programme A. The new commitments provide mean that the company ensures all M&S products convey jut out A products with at least one sustainable quality. This program get out also change the companys 2,000 suppliers to blast after Plan A ruff practice and encourage MS customers and employees to live greener lifestyles. Fur ther in 2010, MS launched a new version of www. marksandspencer. om designed specifically for use on vigorous phones and mobile devicesthe first mobile site from a major UK high path retailer. Through this, the company aims to expand its multi-channel offer. During the same year, MS launched England football squad suit exclusively in MS stores, to take advantage of the football World cup spending. The company opened its new 1. 1 million square feet distribution centre at ProLogis pose Bradford in the UK in 2010. This warehouse in the UK will serve all the companys stores with furniture products and store equipment.Later in 2010, M&S launched a range of Solar PV and Solar Thermal pee heating solutions. Fur thering the sustainability initiatives, the company also announced that it will use polyester made from recycled PET drinks bottles instead of virgin polymer to make more than threesome hundred million clothing care labels a year. Towards the end of 2010, M&S announced plans to move into rail distribution to reduce its carbon footprint. more(prenominal) than 300,000 general merchandise products per week would move from road to rail distribution. The company also opened a new shopping center in Vilnius, Lithuania at the end of year.In April 2011, M&S opened its greenest ever store at Ecclesall Road in Sheffield. This is the first store of a number of new Sustainable Learning stores planned by the company as par t of its sustain to become the worlds most sustainable major retailer by 2015. The company opened 20 stores in the UK during FY2011, including 17 Simply Foods. In international, MS opened 49 new stores and closed 15 stores. During the same period, the company entered the Egyptian market with a 28,000 square feet store in the bang-up Mega marrow in Cairo.The company, in July 2011, launched a new iPad act for its investors. This application will provide investors with latest MS financial news. In the following month, MS signed a traceability deal with diachronic Futures. As per the deal, Historic Futures will provide the company full traceability on ever y single clothing and home product it sells. MS is the first major retailer to commit to full traceability for non-food products. In September 2011, MS opened a new store at Westfield, Stratford City with the latest Only at Your MS innovations and customer experiences.In the following month, M&S launched its new french website, http//www. marksandspencer. fr/, marking its first international transactional website. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 7 Marks and Spencer Group plc History The company, in November 2011, opened its new flagship store at 100 Avenue des Champs-elysees in Paris. M&S, in February 2012, launched its outlet format on its website at www. marksandspencer. com/outlet. M&S Outlet will permanently offer a selection of more than 1,300 quality M&S clothing products with up to 40% off the regular high street and online prices.In the same month, the company recalled quadruplet products (Crispy Prawn Wonton, Crispy Vegetable Balls, Prawn Baguette Toast, and Prawn Siu Mai Selection) from its Chinese range due to mi jeopardise in use by date. In March 2012, the company, announced plans to launch a new website for its Irish customers, http//www. marksandspencer. ie/. In April 2012, M&S announced that it will acc ept sulfurhand clothes at UK outlets in order to recycle into other fabrics or reuse overseas by the Oxfam charity in an aim to cut waste. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 8 Marks and Spencer Group plc aboriginal Employees KEY EMPLOYEES Name romp designation progress Marc Bolland antique decision maker director policeman administrator tabular array 975000 GBP Alan Stewar t nous finance officer executive calling card 550000 GBP Kate Bo downslope administrator theatre director, oecumenic Merchandise executive come on 590000 GBP fast one Dixon administrator music director, Food decision maker climb on 540000 GBP Steven Sharp administrator director, Marketing decision maker table 655000 GBP Laura Wade-Gery decision maker handler, Multi-channel E-commerce decision maker jump on Amanda Mellor Group Secretar y and subject of Corporate Governance decision maker control board Rober t Swannell Chairman of the ageNon decision maker placard Vindi B anga coach Non Executive Board Miranda Cur tis conductor Non Executive Board Jeremy Darroch managing director Non Executive Board 85000 GBP Steven Holliday Director Non Executive Board 85000 GBP Mar tha highroad Fox Director Non Executive Board 70000 GBP Jan du Plessis Director Non Executive Board 70000 GBP Clem Constantine Director, adept(a) ty fourth-year wariness Tanith Dodge Director, adult male Resources elderberry bush Management Dominic Fr y Director, Communications and Investor Relations major(postnominal) Management Jan Heere Director, International Senior Management Nayna McIntoshDirector, Store Marketing and traffic pattern Senior Management Steve Rowe Director, Retail Senior Management Darrell beer mug Director, Information Technology and Logistics Senior Management Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Compensation 450000 GBP Page 9 Marks and Spencer Group plc get a line Employee Biographies KEY EMPLOYEE BIOGRAPHIES Marc Bolland Board Executive Board div iding line epithet knob Executive ships officer Since 2010 Mr. Bolland has been the Chief Executive Officer at Marks and Spencer Group since 2010. Previously, he was the Chief Executive Officer at Morrisons Supermarkets from 2006 to 2010. foregoing to this, Mr. Bolland worked at Heineken for 20 years in mingled management roles, including Executive Board member and Chief Operating Officer, and responsibility for operations and business development in the US, France, Italy, Spain, the Caribbean and Latin America. He also ser ves as a Director at Manpower. Alan Stewart Board Executive Board romp human activity Chief Finance Officer Since 2010 Mr. Stewar t has been the Chief Finance Officer at Marks and Spencer Group since 2010. forwards joining the company, he was the Chief Financial Officer at AWAS, an aircraft leasing company. Mr.Stewar t spent 10 years at HSBC Investment Bank in front joining Thomas organise in 1996, where he held different senior roles, including Chief E xecutive at Thomas Cook UK. Mr. Stewar t joined WH Smith in 2005 as Group Finance Director. He also ser ved as a Non Executive Director at Games Workshop Group. Kate Bostock Board Executive Board antic Title Executive Director, General Merchandise Ms. Bostock is the Executive Director of General Merchandise at Marks and Spencer Group. She joined the company in 2004. Previously, Ms. Bostock was the product Director for Childrenswear at Next from 1994.She also ser ved as the Product Director for the George brand covering all areas of clothing and footwear at Asda. John Dixon Board Executive Board Job Title Executive Director, Food Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 10 Marks and Spencer Group plc primeval Employee Biographies Since 2009 Mr. Dixon has been the Executive Director of Food at Marks and Spencer Group since 2009. He joined the company as a Store Management Trainee. Mr. Dixon held various senior roles at the company for over 20 years, including Executive Assistan t, Chief Executive, and Director of Home and M&S Direct.Steven Sharp Board Executive Board Job Title Executive Director, Marketing Mr. Sharp is the Executive Director of Marketing at Marks and Spencer Group. He joined the company in 2004. Previously, Mr. Shar p served as the Marketing Director at Asda, the withdraw ton Group, Booker, and Arcadia Group. Currently, he is a Non Executive Director at Adnams. Laura Wade-Gery Board Executive Board Job Title Executive Director, Multi-channel E-commerce Since 2011 Ms. Wade-Gery has been the Executive Director of Multi-channel E-commerce at Marks and Spencer Group since 2011.Prior to this, she worked at Tesco and held a commixture of senior roles, including Chief Executive Officer of Tesco. com and Tesco Direct. Ms. Wade-Ger y also held various roles at Gemini Consulting and Kleinwor t Benson. She has also been a Non Executive Director at Trinity Mirror since 2006. Amanda Mellor Board Executive Board Job Title Group Secretary and Head of C orporate Governance Ms. Mellor is the Group Secretary and Head of Cor porate Governance at Marks and Spencer Group. She joined the company in 2004 as the Head of Investor Relations. Ms.Mellor spent her early calling in investment management at James Capel before becoming a Director within its Corporate Finance team. She then served at Rober t Fleming, Investment Banking prior to joining The Bur ton Group as the Director of Cor porate Relations and Investor Relations. Robert Swannell Board Non Executive Board Job Title Chairman of the Board Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 11 Marks and Spencer Group plc Key Employee Biographies Since 2011 Mr. Swannell has been the Chairman of the Board at Marks and Spencer Group since 2011.He joined the company in 2010 as a Non Executive Director. Prior to this, Mr. Swannell was a Senior Independent Director at The British Land Company, and 3i Group. He spent over 30 years in investment banking at Schroders/Citigroup. Mr. Swannell was pr eviously the Vice Chairman at Citi Europe and Co-Chairman at Citis European Investment Bank. Vindi Banga Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2011 Mr. Banga has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since 2011. He is currently a Par tner at Clayton Dubilier Rice, a private equity investment firm. Prior to this, Mr.Banga spent 33 years at Unilever, where he held several(prenominal) senior slips, including President of the Global Foods, Home and Personal Care businesses, and was a member of the Unilever Executive Board. He also serves as a Non Executive Director at Thomson Reuters and Maruti Suzuki India. Miranda Curtis Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2012 Ms. Cur tis has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since February 2012. She is currently the Chairman at Waterstones, and a Non Executive Director at Liber ty Global. Ms. Cur tis has also been a Non Executive Director at National Express Group since 2008.She also serves on the Boards o f the Institute for Government, the Royal Shakespeare Company, and Camfed (the leading Afri buns girls education charity). Jeremy Darroch Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2006 Mr. Darroch has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since 2006. He also ser ves as the Chief Executive at British Sky Broadcasting. Previously, Mr. Darroch ser ved as the Chief Financial Officer at British Sky Broadcasting. Prior to this, he was the Group Finance Director and Retail Finance Director at Dixons Retail (formerly DSG International). Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 12 Marks and Spencer Group plc Key Employee Biographies Steven Holliday Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2004 Mr. Holliday has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since 2004. He is the Group Chief Executive Officer at National Grid. Prior to that, Mr. Holliday served as the Director of UK and Europe and was responsible for the UK Electricity and Gas businesses. He is also the Chairman of the UK Business Council for Sustainable Energy. Prior to joining National Grid, Mr. Holliday was an Executive Director at British Borneo Oil and Gas.Previously, he held several senior positions at Exxon Group. Martha Lane Fox Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2007 Ms. Fox has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since 2007. She is the UKs Digital Champion, the Chairman of Race Online 2012, and a Non Executive Director at Channel 4 Television. Ms. Fox is founder and Chairman of Lucky Voice, and of her own grant-giving foundation, Antigone. She was co-founder of lastminute. com. Jan du Plessis Board Non Executive Board Job Title Director Since 2008 Mr. du Plessis has been a Director at Marks and Spencer Group since 2008.He is the Chairman at Rio Tinto. Previously, Mr. du Plessis was the Chairman at British Ameri preempt Tobacco and a Non Executive Director at Lloyds Banking Group. He also ser ved as the Chairman at RHM from 2005 to 2007. Mr. du Ples sis was previously the Group Finance Director at Richemont, a position he held until 2004. Clem Constantine Board Senior Management Job Title Director, Proper ty Mr. Constantine is the Director, Proper ty at Marks and Spencer Group. He joined the company in 2006. Mr. Constantine was appointed the Group Proper ty and Retail Planning Director at Arcadia Group in 1999.He was appointed to his first finance directorship in 1993, for the IS brand at the Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 13 Marks and Spencer Group plc Key Employee Biographies Bur ton Group, and moved through several other finance directorships with variable responsibilities including systems and retail. Mr. Constantine was trained as a coal tered Accountant at Stoy Hayward, and joined Debenhams in 1989 as a Financial Analyst. Tanith Dodge Board Senior Management Job Title Director, Human Resources Since 2008 Ms. Dodge has been the Director, Human Resources at Marks and Spencer Group since 2008.She was formerly the Group Human Resources Director at WH Smith since 2003. At WH Smith, Ms. Dodge was also responsible for Public Relations, Communications and Post Office Operations. Prior to this, she was the Senior Vice President Human Resources for Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) at worldwide Hotels Group. Ms. Dodge also served as the Human Resources Director at Diageos two business divisions. She was also the International Human Resources film director at Prudential Corporation. Dominic Fry Board Senior Management Job Title Director, Communications and Investor RelationsMr. Fry is the Director, Communications and Investor Relations at Marks and Spencer Group. He joined the company in 2009. Prior to this, Mr. Fr y ser ved at Tulchan Communications. In 1996, he was appointed the Communications Director at J Sainsbury and ser ved in the same role at ScottishPower from 2000 to 2005. In 1989, Mr. Fr y became the Communications Director at AT&T in the UK before moving from there to head up c ommunications at the Channel Tunnel in the mid 90s. He star ted his career in 1982 working in PR consultancy at Traverse-Healy Regester and then Charles Barker.Jan Heere Board Senior Management Job Title Director, International Since 2011 Mr. Heere has been the Director, International at Marks and Spencer Group since 2011. He joined Inditex in 2002 where he held a several international roles, most juvenilely as General Manager for Inditex Russia. During 200002, Mr. Heere held various senior management roles at Zara, Groupo Inmobiliario Lupaco, and Charanga. He began his career at Manpower in Spain in 1997. Nayna McIntosh Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 14 Marks and Spencer Group plc Key Employee BiographiesBoard Senior Management Job Title Director, Store Marketing and Design Ms. McIntosh is the Director, Store Marketing and Design at Marks and Spencer Group. She joined the company in 2005. Prior to this, Ms. McIntosh was par t of the Management Team that set up the p er una brand in 2001. Previously, she served as the Sales and Marketing Director for the George brand at Asda stores. Before joining George, Ms. McIntosh was at Next for four years as a Divisional Executive for the South of England. Steve Rowe Board Senior Management Job Title Director, Retail Since 2008 Mr.Rowe has been the Director, Retail at Marks and Spencer Group since 2008. He joined the company in 1989 and held a variety of positions in store management, having previously worked at Topshop as a Store Manager. Mr. Rowe joined Head Office in 1992 as a Merchandiser for Menswear. In 1998, he was promoted to Category Manager in the Furniture Depar tment. In 2001, Mr. Rowe led the team developing the Home Growth Strategy, working with McKinsey Consultants, and became Head of Home categories in 2003. He was promoted to the Director of Home a year later in 2004. From 2004 to 2008, Mr.Rowe was also responsible for Beauty and New Business Development. Darrell Stein Board Senior Managem ent Job Title Director, Information Technology and Logistics Mr. Stein is the Director, Information Technology and Logistics at Marks and Spencer Group. He has been working in IT for 17 years star ting his career at the company in 1990. Mr. Stein re-joined MS in 2006 as the IT Director. From 2001 to 2006, he ser ved at Vodafone, becoming IT Director for Vodafone UK in 2004. Prior to this, Mr. Stein was Vodafones UK Network Director and Global IT Strategy and Architecture Director.From 1996 to 2001, he ser ved at Ernst & Young, leading a number of major IT and Change Programmes in the financial services, retail and utility sectors. In 1994, Mr. Stein joined Mars as a Project Manager. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 15 Marks and Spencer Group plc Major Products and Services MAJOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES M&S is one of the leading retailers of clothing, foods and homeware in the UK. The companys key products and services include the following Products Womens wear Mens wear Li ngerie Childrens wear Footwear Food and grocery items Homeware and home accessoriesKitchen and tableware Lighting Furniture products Services Credit cards Car, home, travel, and pet redress Personal loans Brands Autograph Limited Collection Collezione Blue Harbour Girls Boutique Per Una Ceriso Adored Truly you Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 16 Marks and Spencer Group plc Revenue Analysis REVENUE ANALYSIS Overview The company recorded revenues of ? 9,740. 3 million (approximately $15,158. 8 million) in FY2011, an increase of 2. 1% over FY2010. For FY2011, the UK, the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 89. 7% of the total revenues.MS generates revenues through two business divisions food (51. 5%% of the total revenues in FY2011), and general merchandise (48. 5%). Revenues by division* During FY2011, the food division recorded revenues of ? 4,499. 4 million (approximately $7,002. 4 million), an increase of 1. 9% over FY2010. The general merchandise divisio n recorded revenues of ? 4,233. 6 million (approximately $6,588. 8 million) in FY2011, an increase of 2% over FY2010. *The revenue breakdown by division is barely for the revenues from the UK market. Revenues by geography The UK, MS largest geographic market, accounted for 89. % of the total revenues in FY2011. Revenues from the UK reached ? 8,733 million (approximately $13,591. 2 million) in FY2011, an increase of 1. 9% over FY2010. International operations accounted for 10. 3% of the total revenues in FY2011. Revenues from international operations reached ? 1,007. 3 million (approximately $1,567. 7 million) in FY2011, an increase of 4% over FY2010. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 17 Marks and Spencer Group plc bone Analysis deck out ANALYSIS M&S is one of the leading retailers of clothing, foods and homeware in the UK.The company has expanded its food product offering signifi thunder mugtly in the recent years. New products launches, focalise on expanding healthy products, promotions, and competitive prices are all helping the company attract customers in a highly competitive market. However, surge in steal could negatively impact the cost structure for M&S. Strengths light-colorednesses Expanding food offering unwavering market position in the clothing segment geographic involution to increase the addressable market and reduce vulnerability to raise UK market M&S etched a highly utile CSR schema M&S bequest stores and systems are a ompetitive disadvantage Declining general merchandise division gross gross revenue due to inadequate stocking Opportunities Threats Online channel rests to ace and will enable M&S to boost revenues localize on China and India can lead to refinement in two of the meteoric increase markets Surge in shoplifting losses be the retailers and customers Weak consumer spending in the UK Rising labor cost in the UK Strengths grow food offering The company has expanded its food product offering significantl y in the recent years. In 2009, M&S systematically highlighted it is cheaper than Waitrose on a basket of 1,200 items by about 2%.The company, in 2009, decided to invest in its margins in order to provide its customers better(p) value. As a result of this, M&S saw improved perceptions of value by its customers. The company, in FY2011, launched around 1,800 new products in food and positioned itself as the UKs leading high quality food retailer. The key product launches of the company include Taste Italia, and Made Without Wheat range of gluten-free bread and cakes, With the success of Made Without Wheat product range, the company launched gluten-free sandwiches, sausages, stuffing, and crisp bakes.As of FY2011, the company offered 125 gluten-free products. M&S also became the UKs second largest favorite health food brand with the launch of its Simply Fuller Longer range which encourages customers to manage their weight with a identity card plan. The gross margin of food division change magnitude by 20 basis points to Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 18 Marks and Spencer Group plc SWOT Analysis 30. 8% in FY2011. This was mainly driven by better management of promotions and waste. Fur ther, in the four th quar ter of FY2012 ended March 2012, M&S launched 500 new products in the food division.The sales in this quar ter increased by 3. 1%, The companys promotions such as roast dinner for ? 5 ($7. 8), Dine In, etc offered its customers with considerable value solutions for special occasions. M&S food division has been acting well in a ver y competitive market and against problematic competitors. By launching innovative products and with an expanded food offering, the company has been able to attract the customers in a highly competitive market. Strong market position in the clothing segment M&S has a muscular market position in the clothing segment.With more than one in 10 clothing items bought from M&S, the company ranks amongst the three large st clothing retailers in the UK. According to a repor t released by Verdict (Datamonitors retail arm) in May 2012, MS is k forthwithn for its product quality. The company was ranked first with a score of 49 for its product quality above the market average of 23. According to another repor t released by Verdict in April 2012, MS enjoys highest conversion rate of 50. 7% and is very successful in conver ting visitors to loyal main users through its varied product offer, in-store service and garment quality.This indicates that MS is a trustwor thy brand, which all main users would hand over to knowing that the quality, fit, and ser vice are reliable and consistent. The retailer has recognized that its core market of predominantly suppurate customers has been especially hard hit by rising core cost of living, falling interest on savings and worse prospects for pensions, and in chemical reaction has lowered its entr y prices to compete more effectively with high street/value operators a nd supermarkets, helping to maintain the loyalty of its main users and prevent them from shopping elsewhere.Verdict, in its repor t in March 2012, ranked, MS 7th in the global depar tment store market with a share of 3. 2%. This market leadership enabled MS to excel throughout the stinting downturn, while other mid-market retailers are pressured from the ever expanding value players. Leading market position indicates access to a large customer base and also popularity of MS offering in the clothing segment. Going forward, this market position would enable the company to drive revenues as consumer spending recovers.Geographical enlargement to increase the addressable market and reduce vulnerability to mature UK market With a por tfolio of over 361 owned and franchised stores in 42 territories M&S continues to grow its international business. This mix of ownership models and countries enabled the company to serve well in FY2011, even when individual markets were weak. Fur ther, duri ng FY2011, the company entered the Egyptian market with a 28,000 square feet store in the Dandy Mega Mall in Cairo. M&S international business grew by 4% in FY2011 despite tough frugal situation.As an established retailer in a mature market, it is going to be hard for MS to continually deliver significant increases in UK sales. However, in the long run, its international business offers an oppor tunity for high gain. By generating much higher volumes, it can deliver margin benefits with suppliers. With production costs rising, this will be an advantage in the UK. International expansion will enable the company to access multiple sales points for most of the product ranges. This is especially relevant for clothing and homewares segments.Also, through expansion in the international markets MS can reduce Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 19 Marks and Spencer Group plc SWOT Analysis vulnerability to mature UK market. The company can also par ticipate effectively in some of highest growing markets such as China and India. All these factors would enable the company to reduce the overall business risk and facilitate increased revenues. MS etched a highly effective CSR strategy MS has to its credit an effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy.CSR has been gaining prominence not just among the stake holders and governments but the consumers as well. The company has the highest propor tion of consumers believing it to be a responsible retailer and this can largely be attributed to the success of its Plan A, a ? 200 million (approximately $320. 3 million) 100-point plan launched in 2007 with five areas of focus climate change, fair par tnership, health, sustainable raw materials, and waste. In FY2011, the company include two more areas in its Plan A involving customers, and fashioning Plan A how we do business.In the last few years, initiatives launched under the Plan A banner include launching the companys first eco-store, encouraging suppli ers to set-up eco-factories, removing hydrogenated fats from its ready meals, increasing the propor tion of organic food, reducing the sodium chloride content of its produce, cer tifying a larger percentage of its fish as originating from sustainable populations, and beginning to sell recycling and composting bins. It is the high profile nominal head of Plan A in adver tising campaigns, product labeling and store signage that gives M&S one of the best consumer perceptions of a retailer for social responsibility.The campaign plant not just as a direct to consumer channel, but also because of the positive coverage it creates. Perhaps more impor tantly, it has publicized all of these initiatives extensively. In 2008, M&S launched a TV adver tising campaign focusing on its ethical, environmental and health-conscious credentials, highlighting that it only uses free range eggs and that its products are now free from ar tificial colors and flavorings. Other, more innovative, ideas view as included a joint venture with Oxfam to promote the recycling of old clothes.In addition, more controversially, the retailer introduced a 5p charge for carrier bags at all of its food depar tments in 2008. Though many consumers resented this charge, it has undoubtedly boosted M&S re baffleation as an ethical retailer. Overall, sculpting its CSR strategy into such a high publicity campaign, divided into such sportsmanlike action points and highly transparent benefits, has seen the company move to the forefront of responsible retailing. In FY2011, the company launched indigo plant Green, its first range of clothing made using more sustainable fabrics.In April 2012, the company announced to accept secondhand clothes at all the UK outlets except Simply Food stores, to recycle them into other fabrics or to reuse them in order to cut waste. Plan A has seen CSR become core to MS principles in the eyes of the consumer and it has reaped the benefits of this, gaining shoppers as a resul t and repor tedly saving more than ? 70 million (approximately $108. 9 million) in efficiencies gained in FY2011 compared with ? 50 million (approximately $77. 8 million) in FY2010.In addition, M&S improved energy efficiency in its stores by 23% and warehouses by 24% in FY2011 compared to FY2007. It also improved the fuel efficiency of its deliver y fleets by 20% and total carbon emissions subscribe been reduced by 13%. The company now recycles 94% of all the waste it generates from its stores, offices and warehouses. The total waste is down by more than a third. M&S also met its sustainable standards by sourcing 90% of softheaded fish in FY2011 (62% in FY2010) and 76% of wood in FY2011 (72% in FY2010). Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 20 Marks and Spencer Group plcSWOT Analysis By actively promoting a products greener attributes (for role model fewer, more recognizable and natural ingredients), retailers such as MS pee-pee positioned products as improving ones perso nal environment while benefiting the global environment too. Many of their successes ease up come from emphasizing the former rather than the latter, especially as consumers often associate ethical motive with a sense of wellbeing. In terms of the issues that concern consumers, the sustainability of natural resources is a major fear, as are climate change and the fairness of sourcing arrangements.Consumers are also attracted to products with health benefits and there is a clear trend that consumers can be persuaded to par t with more money in return for products with a positive impact, not just to them personally, but also to wider society. Indeed, differentiating in the midst of products becomes harder and harder to achieve, Verdict expects consumers to turn to auxiliary considerations such as ethicality and sustainability to guide their choices. Consumers are no longer purely satisfied with how a product looks and functions they pauperism assurances over aspects such as nviron mental impact, hygiene, safety, and fairness. In light of the above mentioned trends where the customer choices are increasingly guided by the sustainability issues, M&S will benefit due to its reputation of being a responsible retailer. Weaknesses M&S bequest stores and systems are a competitive disadvantage M&S suffers some competitive disadvantages compared to Tesco, which has been able to drive earnings before interest and revenue (EBIT) growth even in the mature UK market. Tesco benefits from supplier power and state-of-the-ar t IT, supply chain and systems compared with M&S legacy systems.The supermarket retailer has been able to break up the demand cur ve with metro, emit and big box store formats out of town and on the high street. Moreover, Tesco stores have been carefully designed with consistent store layouts in order to facilitate store navigation. Extra back room store s abuse has also been allocated to allow for smooth execution of its picking and distribution model. Tesco sells both own label and branded goods (food and non-food) in a bid to drive up footfall and sales conversion. M&S legacy stores are inconsistent in terms of layout.Store size tends to dictate product availability, while a lack of back room store space does not facilitate the same style supermarket pick and delivery model. The legacy systems and stores of M&S are constraining effective servicing of customer demands on a consistent basis. This is placing the company at a clear competitive disadvantage compared to a formidable opponent, Tesco. Declining general merchandise division sales due to inadequate stocking The companys general merchandise division sales declined in recent times, M&S general merchandise division sales decreased by 2. % in the four th quar ter of FY2012 ended March 2012. This was mainly due to shor tage of stock in its stores, Due to this, the company was also not able to meet customer demand for 300,000 knitwear garments under the M&S Woman label. It onl y sold Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 21 Marks and Spencer Group plc SWOT Analysis 100,000 knitwear garments during this period. Fur ther, in times of high demand, inadequate stock could hamper the sales of the division and result in loss of sales to competitors.This not only affects the revenues of the company but could also result in shift of customers to its competitors. Opportunities Online channel continues to boom and will enable M&S to boost revenues Online retail sales in the UK have grown significantly over a period of time. According to Office for National Statistics, non-seasonally modify average weekly value for internet retail sales in the UK was ? 414 million (approximately $644. 3 million) in Februar y 2010, this increased to ? 573. 6 million (approximately $892. 7 million) in February 2012, representing an increase of 18%.Internet sales accounted for only 8% of the total retail sales (excluding fuel) in Februar y 2010. This inning increased to 10. 7% in February 2012. The growing desire for convenience is see shoppers buy more online, especially in the category of food and grocery. Consumers have also become savvier, using the internet more to get the best deal they can. Voucher codes, and cashback sites have been instrumental in this. Additionally, improved deliver y and fulfillment options have been encouraging consumers to shop more online.The company operates in the internet channel through M&S Direct where the products are offered through website and newly launched Shop Your Way facility, a new ordering service that has been rolled-out in 444 stores (including 151 in Simply Foods stores) during FY2011, allowing customers to place orders either in stores, online or over the phone, for deliver y to either a nominated address or free of charge to their nearest store. M&S Directs sales increased from ? 413 million (approximately $642. 8 million) in FY2010 to ? 543 million (approximately $845. million) in FY2011, an increase of 31. 5%. Fur ther, in the first half of FY2012, M&S Directs sales increased by 11. 7% with more than three million visitors per week. Thus, by leveraging its online presence, M&S can cater to the requirements of a growing number of customers who are looking for convenience and better deals over the internet. Focus on China and India can lead to expansion in two of the fastest growing markets China and India are two economies which are written text highest growth rates which, in turn, are expected to aid the retail market growth in these two countries.Asias retail sales are estimated to increase with China driving the growth. According to the preliminary estimation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China was CNY47,156. 4 trillion ($7,285. 7 billion) in 2011, a year-on-year increase of 9. 2% at comparable prices. The fast pace economic development in China coupled with the rise of the center field class income group and their increasing disposable income have fur ther pushed up the demand for several consumer goods. According to National Bureau of Statistics of China, the total retail sales reached CNY18,391. 9 billion (approximately $2,841. billion) in 2011, representing a year-on-year nominal growth rate of 17. 1%. Fur ther, according to industr y estimates, the countr ys total retail sales are expected to increase from approximately CNY20 trillion ($3 trillion) in 2012 to approximately CNY26 trillion ($4 trillion) in 2016, representing an increase of about 30%. Strong Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 22 Marks and Spencer Group plc SWOT Analysis underlying economic trends, population growth and the increasing wealth of individuals are key factors that give way to the retail market expansion in China.The retail industriousness in India is large owing to a large population and is set to grow as several factors contribute. According to the industry sources, the retail sales in India are forecast to grow from around $411 billion in 2011 to $804 billion by 2015. The key factors behind the forecast growth include unwavering underlying economic growth, population expansion, increasing wealth of individuals and the rapid crook of organized retail infrastructure. Also, as middle and upper class consumer base expands, there will also be oppor tunities in Indias second and third-tier cities.The greater availability of personal credit and a growing fomite population are to improve mobility which will also contribute to a trend towards retail sales growth. MS is strengthening presence in India and China as par t of its geographic expansion and for some time to come, these countries would be the key contributors to the companys international expansion strategies. The company in with par tnership with Reliance Retail, an established retailer in India, can tap into this lucrative market while expansion in China also continues. Indian and Chinese markets would provide a huge potential revenue base for M&S.Threats Surge in shoplifting losses costs the retailers and customers The UK retailers are exposed to increased costs of shoplifting. Shoplifting has assumed massive propor tions in recent times. According to industry estimates, retail crime costed UK stores ? 1. 4 billion ($2. 2 billion) in 2011. thither are about two million thefts per year, which concludes to an average of more than one per minute. According to another industr y repor t, the thefts across the UK stores increased from ? 4. 2 million ($6. 5 million) in 2009 to ? 5. 1 million ($7. 9 million) in 2011, an increase of 20%.Long-term trends also show the figure is likely to continue rising. As a result, retailers have been increasing their surveillance spend. This is increasing the costs for retailers as well as for the end consumers. The shoplifting losses are adding to the costs for the retailers and the customers have also been bearing the brunt. The surge in shoplifting could negatively impact the cost structure for M&S as well. Weak consumer s pending in the UK The UK market is suffering from weak consumer spending. The European debt crisis added more downward pressure to the growth prospects of the UK.According to Eurostat, the UK economy grew by 0. 7% in 2011 and is expected to grow by 0. 5% in 2012. In addition, the UK has witnessed high unemployment rate. According to the Office of National Statistics, the unemployment rate for the three months period November 2011 to January 2012 was 8. 4% with 2. 67 million unemployed people in the UK. Increasing unemployment rate is expected to fur ther put pressure on the economy of the UK. High inflation, led by the increase in tubful to 20% and public spending cuts reduced disposable Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 23 Marks and Spencer Group plc SWOT Analysis income, leading to a fall in consumer spending on discretionary items. Consumers have been cautious with their spending especially due to soaring petrol prices, tax increases and uncer tainty over jobs. The UK is the key market for M&S. In FY2011, the UK accounted for 89. 7% of M&S total revenues. Thus, the sluggish consumer spending and high unemployment rate in the UK could affect most of the non-food retailers and lead to reduced sales volume or shrinking profit margins. Rising labor cost in the UK take costs are rising in the UK. In recent times, besotted labor markets, increased over time, government mandated increases in lower limit hire and a higher propor tion of full-time employees are resulting in an increase in labor costs, which could materially impact the companys results of operation. The National token(prenominal) Wage (NMW) Regulations came into force in 1999 and since then the NMW rates have been increased annually. The national minimum wage increased from ? 5. 93 per hour ($9. 23 per hour) in October 2010 to ? 6. 08 per hour ($9. 46 per hour) in October 2011.Fur ther, the national minimum wage is expected to increase to ? 6. 19 per hour (9. 63 per hour) from October 2 012. In FY2011, M&S employed 78,169 people. Increasing labor costs can adversely affect the companys operating costs as its wage bills would escalate. This, in turn, could impact its margins adversely. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 24 Marks and Spencer Group plc Top Competitors TOP COMPETITORS The following companies are the major competitors of Marks and Spencer Group plc ASDA Group Limited Debenhams plc H M Hennes Mauritz AB J Sainsbury plcNEXT plc Selfridges plc Tesco PLC Gap, Inc. , The French Connection Group Plc House of Fraser Group Plc John Lewis Par tnership plc Arcadia Group Limited Home Retail Group Plc Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 25 Marks and Spencer Group plc Company muckle COMPANY VIEW A statement by Rober t Swannell, the Chairman of the Board at Marks and Spencer Group, is given below. The statement has been taken from the companys Annual Repor t for FY2011. I feel ver y privileged to be Chairman of this unique company and at such a n exciting time in our evolution.Since joining Marks Spencer in October and assume the role of Chairman in Januar y, I have spent much of my time getting to know the business better meeting our employees, shareholders, customers and suppliers. I first became deeply involved with MS during the unsolicited coup attempt in 2004, when I led the advisory team that helped put the MS case to its shareholders. It was then I learned first hand about this unique company about the extraordinarily strong relationship it has with its many stakeholders and about its very special ethos.This ethos is a disapproval of the high standards our customers expect from MS trusting us not only to deliver great value, great quality products but also to do the right thing socially, environmentally and ethically. We know that putting Plan A at the hear t of how we do business is not just the right thing to do it is also fundamental to our long-term success. Performance In a challenging marketplace MS ha s continued to grow, with underlying profits up 12. 9% on the year.We delivered this by staying true to our heritage of quality and innovation, reminding our customers what makes MS special. This year Marc Bolland set out a clear medium-term plan for the business, after extensive discussions with colleagues and us, the Board. This is cover in detail in Marcs review. From day one, I have been struck by the passion and commitment of our people. I am rapturous that this year we are paying a bonus to all employees to convey them for their energy and fervency in what has been a difficult trading environment. DividendWe are committed to delivering consistent returns for our shareholders. To this end we have adopted a reform-minded dividend policy, with dividends broadly covered twice by earnings. We intend to pay a final dividend of 10. 8p per share (last year 9. 5p) in respect of the 2010/11 financial year. Governance Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 26 Marks and Spencer Group plc Company View This year we returned to the traditional governance structure of a separate Chairman and Chief Executive, providing clarity between Marc Bolland and me, with regard to our individual roles.Put simply, I run the Board and Marc runs the business. The Board has a wide range of responsibilities. There are three that I think are par ticularly impor tant for the success of the business first, to debate and agree our strategy and hold the executive team accountable for its execution second, to ensure that we have the most talented team to execute this strategy and that we plan effectively for era and third, to set the tone for governance, which is par ticularly impor tant at MS where doing the right thing is an integral par t of our ethos. My ob is to ensure the Board has the right mix of skills and talents and to ensure that it works effectively as a team towards shared goals with the right mix of enquir y and suppor t of the executive directors from the non-execu tive directors. During the year we commissioned a formal Board evaluation from an strong-minded consultant, the findings of which are outlined in the Governance section. This process highlighted the real enthusiasm of the directors in suppor ting a shared ambition to guide MS to the ver y best future. We know that you expect high standards from MS its our responsibility to learn how we can improve.This review was an impor tant par t of that journey. As stated in our 2009/10 Annual Repor t, we reviewed the senior remuneration structure this year. Following extensive shareholder consultation, we believe we now have a framework that is both relevant to todays MS and fully aligned with our strategy. The Board Over the last year the Board has been strengthened by a series of executive appointments. In May 2010 Marc Bolland joined the business as Chief Executive, assuming the day-to-day running of the business from Sir Stuar t Rose in July.In October Alan Stewar t joined as Chief Financ e Officer and in February we announced the appointment of Laura Wade-Gery as Executive Director, Multi-channel E-commerce she will join the Board in July. Whilst the Board features some new faces, these changes have taken place around a core of executive and non-executive directors that has remained stable over recent years. I would like to pay par ticular tribute to Sir Stuar t Rose. When he became Chief Executive in 2004, MS was at a low ebb.He restored confidence in MS, re-established its determine and build a strong business. The solid platform from which Marc is now implementing his plan is a credit to Stuar ts energy and tireless commitment to MS over the last seven years. The smooth management inflection the meticulous handover to me and the suppor t of Marc is also a credit to Stuar t. In that connection, I would also like to thank Sir David Michels, and the Nominations Governance Committee he led, for managing a change of leadership over the past year that was accompl ished softly and effectively.David has decided to step down from the Board at the end of his second term in February 2012, but I am delighted that he will continue his role as Deputy Chairman until then. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLine Page 27 Marks and Spencer Group plc Company View I must also thank Louise Patten for the significant function she has made over the last five years, playing an impor tant role in each of our Board Committees. As Louise reaches the end of her second three year term on the Board, she has decided not to seek re-election at the upcoming AGM. Looking aheadOur priorities for the year ahead are clear. We have a plan and it is now our collective job to make it happen. The Board will concentrate on delivering exemplary governance at the highest level to enable our executive team to drive this strategy forward. The economy still gives us reason to be cautious. Yet in difficult times, our core values of Quality, Value, Ser vice, Innovation and Trust m atter more than ever to MS customers. These values remain at the hear t of our strategy and I therefore look forward to the future with confidence. Marks and Spencer Group plc MarketLinePage 28 Marks and Spencer Group plc Locations and Subsidiaries LOCATIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES Head Office Marks and Spencer Group plc Waterside House 35 Nor th Wharf Road London W2 1NW GBR P44 20 7935 4422 http//www. marksandspencer. com Other Locations and Subsidiaries Marks and Spencer International Holdings Limited striking Britain GBR Marks and Spencer (Nederland) BV NLD Marks and Spencer (Ireland) Limited IRL Marks and Spencer (Asia Pacific) Limited HKG Marks and Spencer Simply Foods Limited Great Britain GBR Marks and Spencer Marinopoulos Greece SA GRC Marks and Spencer SCM Limited