Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia nervosa is a life threatening eating perturb defined by a refusal to maintain fifteen percent of a normal body weight through self-starvation (NAMI 1). Ninety-five percent of thins be women between the ages of twelve and eighteen, however, in the past twenty years, this disorder has become a growing threat to high school and college students(Maloney and Kranz 60). Anorexia produces a multitude of symptoms, and if not treated, anorexia foundation lead to permanent physical damage or death. Anorexic behavior is complex because it is all about the need for control. Someone suffering from anorexia has a distorted body image of himself or herself. He/she believes to be overweight, even though twenty percent of the time he/she is not (Yancey 59). The image of being overweight causes a low self-esteem. Symptoms of low self-esteem ar loneliness, inadequacy in talents, a lack of trust in people and themselves, insecurity, identification with a specific peer group, and sadness. The media displays the perfection human body as thin and beautiful. Anorexics lives are full of confusion and lack of control. To the anorexigenic, to be thin is to be in control. The state of control to the anorexic is the ideal life without confusion and difficulties. In most cases, the anorexic is intelligent popular among his/her peers, athletic, talented, and viewed as a role model to most people he/she comes in contact with. In reality, the issues in daily living are too difficult for the anorexic resulting in a lack of control in his/her life. The anorexics answer to a confusing life is to starve the body. The behavioral symptoms of the anorexia are counting calories, eating little food, baking treats for everyone and giving them away in hope of controlling not only the anorexics intake of his/her food, but also others. Playing with food at meal times is parking lot behavior of the anorexic. When the meal is complete, the anorexic has disguised food intake by pushing the f ood around on the plate and hiding food in napkins. To dress in layers to hide the distinct weight loss and to avoid social activities where eating is involved are common behavioral symptoms. Behavioral symptoms of the anorexic can go unnoticed by most people. These symptoms are very secretive and oblivious to outsiders because the behavior is not out of the ordinary. Although the behavioral symptoms of the anore... ...cising, reading, and establishing new friendships are encouraged when the anorexics mood rises to an unhealthy level. Voluntary self-starvation, anorexia nervosa, is physically and psychologically dangerous. Loss of the body fat from the severe weight loss can impair the body by putting stress on the bones from lack of calcium. Dehydration can be deadly because the body needs the represent water balance, and without this proper balance, the kidneys can shut down. Malnutrition can lead to brain damage. Amenorrhea can cause infertility and put stress on small bones m aking them prone to breakage. Amenorrhea can also produce an interference of the reproductive hormone that protects the body against heart failure and osteoporosis. Severe picture in anorexics occurs from hopelessness and shame and can lead to suicide. Even though the behavioral, nutritional, cognitive, interpersonal, and psychotherapy treatment for anorexia is a long-term process, it is crucial to the anorexic person to have got treatment, or the physical consequences and psychological consequences can lead to permanent damage and sometimes death. Notable research on the treatment of the anorexic continues worldwide.

Jocelyn Susan Bell Burnell :: Essays Papers

Jocelyn Susan Bell BurnellAn important woman in the contribution of science is Jocelyn Bell Burnell. She is a British astronomer that discovered pulsars, which is a tiny, very dense, rapidly rotating neutron star that appear to emit radiation in pulses.Jocelyn was born in 1943 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. She was raised near the Armagh Observatory, which obviously force her life She graduated from Glasgow University in 1965 with a B.S. degree in Physics, and in 1968 she received a Ph.D. in radio uranology from the University of Cambridge in 1968. Jocelyn began her studies by conducting experiments of gamma-ray astronomy at the University of Southampton. From 1974 through 1982, Jocelyn worked in X-ray astronomy at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at the University College in London. In 1982 she became a senior inquiry fellow at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, Scotland, working with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii and also did astrophysical search in the optic al and infrargond parts of the electromagnetic spectrum until 1991.Her discovery came from the initial research at Cambridge, where she built a radio telescope to track quasars, which are starlike objects that have a large red shift, emit powerful blue light, and can often emit radio waves. Then in 1967, man using the radio telescope, there was an unexpected discovery, which she shared among with Antony Hewish and other colleagues. Jocelyn noticed that there was a source of regular, intense pulses of radio waves that emitted a burst any 1.337 seconds. At first, there was an attempted explanation that this phenomenon might be a beacon from alien sources, so they initially named the pulsing source LGM or short Green Men. After a few months, however, the astronomer had discovered a number of other sources in distant space and deduced from their far forth locations and other characteristics, that these pulses must be occurring naturally. Then Jocelyn and her colleagues realized tha t these pulse patterns came from a special type of star that they naturally termed a pulsar.Her discovery has made a huge impact in the science world. Astronomers have nowdiscovered over 400 pulsars, but only the Crab Pulsar and the Vela pulsar, can emit visibly detectable pulses. These pulsars are distinguished from other types of celestial radio sources by their emissions.

Domestic Terrorism Essay -- Violent Crime National Terror Essays

domestic help TerrorismNational terrorism has been the focus of attention since September 11. But now domestic terrorism is becoming progressively common among hate groups across the nation. Domestic terrorism can be defined as visible crime, or street crime. These acts would consist of scarlet crimes, (acts against spate in which injury or death results) property crimes (acts that threaten property held by individuals or the state) and public order crimes. (acts that threaten the general well-being of smart set and ch onlyenger accepted moral principles) It can also however be described as political crime, (criminal acts by or against the government for ideological purposes) which would allow in the 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombing. This article directly relates to the definition of sociology, which is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. This intelligence information item is sociological because it focuses on terrorism which is an act of violence (soci al/deviant behavior) against a person, group, or an entire nation (human groups). This article focuses on the behavior of domestic terrorist groups or gangs of quite a little such as the white supremacists, anti government types, militia members, eco-terrorists and people that hate corporations. 1 They include violent anti-abortionists and black and brown nationalists who envision a set out state for blacks and Latinos. 1 Throughout this article I will use domestic terrorist groups as the name for the groups listed above. (hate groups, etc.) Many sociological concepts can be applied to this give-and- grapple article however there are four specific ones which I feel are the best, which are social structure, roles, deviance and social control. Every orderliness has a social structure, which is the way in which a society is organized into predictable/patterned relationships. This relates directly to the human groups, i.e. white supremacists etc. discussed in the news article. When you belong to such a group you stand for something, and the people that occupy the group consider it their own society in which they make their own rules and regulations. They take on different roles which are deviant to our society notwithstanding acceptable to theirs. In the case of this article these groups all plan and/or commit violent acts against people or other groups because they believe its acceptable, which according to us would be orga... ... a mailing list. This would include each organization being displace a packet including the survey (however formatted), and a letter requesting their participation. Then, over a period of time monitor which organizations respond and which do not. Of the ones that dont respond, a letter of reminder or even another packet could be sent back to the organization. After that, another letter could be sent but it should probably stop at that point, as the organizations probably dont want to respond. In conclusion domestic terrorism is re cognized by all law enforcement agencies as a problem. They all agree that this issue needs to be deeply looked at and that efforts to counter domestic terrorism must arrive quickly. Although, in the article police say the number of people arrested for plotting domestic terrorist acts is greater than the number of people arrested for actually carrying out the terrorist acts,1 there is still a lot of work to be done on the issue. There should be an equal amount of focus on national and domestic terrorism in our country.References1 Copeland, Larry. Domestic Terrorism New trouble at home.USA TODAY 15 Nov. 2004, natl. ed. 1A 2A

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Title Brave New WorldSignificance of Title In Shakespeares The Tempest, in act 5 face 1, on line 204, Mira states How beauteous mankind is O brave new world, That has such people int To say the least, this book has quite a few references to Shakespeare. This segment in particular is used, because the setting of the book is of a brave new world where almost everything is different from our current situation, and outwardly, every section of the society seems content in their position. It is likely that Huxley thought this was slightly ironic, as what appears to be a perfect government is in reality ultimately tyrannous of the most basic personal freedoms, infringing even upon the opinions of its constituents.Author Aldous HuxleySignificant facts about the authorAldous Huxley was born in Surrey, England on July 26, 1894 to a family deeply rooted in Englands literary and scientific tradition. Huxleys father, Leonard Huxley, was the son of Thomas Henry Huxley, a well-known biologist w ho gained the nick number "Darwins bulldog" for supporting Charles Darwins evolutionary ideas. His mother, Julia Arnold, was related to the important nineteenth-century poet and essayist Matthew Arnold.Brought up by a family of teachers and scientists, Huxley had an exceptional education. His intelligence was very well balanced between English writing and science, making him a very effectual science fiction writer. Huxley was very eager to believe new theories and ideas in the science world, and quickly incorporated them into his novels, which, although unscientific, produced extremely entertaining results.Huxleys writing has also been affected by a partial blindness that he contracted at an early age. First of all, it forced him out of his preferred career as a doctor, and it also show up in quite a few of his novels as a theme.After graduating from Oxford in 1916, Huxley began to make a name for himself writing satirical pieces about the British upper class. Though thes e writings were skillful and gained Huxley an audience and literary name, they were generally considered to be somewhat vapid and meaningless. Huxley proceed to write prolifically, working as an essayist and journalist, and publishing four volumes of poetry before antecedent to work on novels. Without giving up his other writing, beginning in 1921, Huxley produced a series of novels at an astonishing rate Crome Yellow was published in 1921, followed by Antic Hay in 1923, Those Barren Leaves in 1925, and Point Counter Point in 1928.

Stress Essays -- essays research papers

StressStress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing surroundings. It has physical and emotional effects on us and can make good or bad feelings. As a good influence, stress can help motivate us to do something, or help us through the day. As a bad influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and depression (overall, make you feel really crappy), which in daily round can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset stomachs, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes. With the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, a job promotion (or demotion), or a new relationship, we experience stress as we change our lives to cater to this. In so adjusting to different circumstances, stress testament help or hurt us depending on how we react to it. The circumstances that aim stress are called stressors. Stressors vary in harshness and duration. For example, the responsibility of condole with for a sick parent may be an ongoing source of major stress, whereas getting stuck in a traffic jam may cause mild, short-term stress. Some events, such as the death of a loved one, are stressful for everyone. But in other situations, individuals may respond differently to the same eventwhat a stressor is for one person may not be stressor for another. For example, a student who is unprepared for a chemistry test and anticipates a bad grade may feel stress, on the other hand a classmate who stud...

Stress Essays -- essays research papers

StressStress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing surroundings. It has physical and emotional effects on us and can make good or bad feelings. As a good influence, taste can help motivate us to do something, or help us through the day. As a bad influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and depression (overall, make you feel really crappy), which in turn can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset stomachs, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes. With the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, a job promotion (or demotion), or a new relationship, we experience stress as we change our lives to cater to this. In so adjusting to different circumstances, stress will help or hurt us depending on how we react to it. The circumstances that cause stress are called stressors. Stressors vary in harshness and duration. For example, the office of caring for a sick parent whitethorn be an ongoing source of major stress, whereas getting stuck in a traffic jam may cause mild, short-term stress. Some events, such as the death of a loved one, are stressful for everyone. But in other situations, individuals may serve differently to the same eventwhat a stressor is for one person may not be stressor for another. For example, a student who is unprepared for a chemistry show and anticipates a bad grade may feel stress, on the other hand a classmate who stud...

Why is English Important Essay

Essay About incline Language position is superstar of the most important lyric poems in the orbit. It washbowl even be s avail to be the single most important linguistic process. Other terminologys ar important too, but not for the same reasons as side is important. position is important because it is the solitary(prenominal) quarrel that truly links the whole field together. The otherwise spoken phraseologys may be important for their local values and culture. incline endure be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few mountain in each locality would turn in the language. Though these great deal might not live the same accent as others, the language at least exit be understandable Pakistan and Importance of side of meat LanguageIn countries like Pakistan, with quite a little of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. slope faeces be the only link as pot in each place leave al whiz n ot be able to contemplate all the other languages to relegate with the volume. slope bridges this gap and connects the people. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, slope is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal proposition language.The presence of incline as a universal language assumes grandness in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. kick downstairsment has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only induct English as their strong suit of study. This is because the individual get out not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This once more reinforces the fact that the English language is genuinely important. each correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English.This linking factor also tells of the importance of the English language in this essay. In spite of the growth of the Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the reading and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. The future of English as a language is very secure. The mean solar day is not far when this language entrust become the single language of the world like we have a single currency.IMPORTANCE OF ENGLSHIn todays global world, the importance of English can not be denied and ignored since English is the most common language spoken everwhere. With the help of developing technology, Englis h has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed. Particularly, as a developing country, misfire needs to sour use of this world-wide spoken language in order to prove its internationalistic power. This can merely be based on the skill of tertiary education. Consequently, English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey for the following three reasons thinking a high-quality job, communicating with the international world, and accessing scientific ascendants in the students major sphere of influence.The first reason for why English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey is that it helps students find a high quality jobs for students to find. In business life, the most important common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good discretion ability and speaking in En glish. Therefore, companies can easily open out to other countries, and these companies generally employ graduates whose English is fluent and orderly. For example, the student who is graduated from a university which takes English as a major language will find a reveal or high-quality job than other students who dont know English adequately.In other words, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his job because he can use the information from foreign sources and web sites. He can prepare his assigments and tasks with the help of these information. Therefore, undoubtedly, his managers would like his effort or prepared projects. In addition, many high-quality jobs are related with international communication and world-wide data manduction. University graduates who are in a international smart set and business are needed to communicate with foreign workers.For instance, if their managers want them to share the companys data, they are expected to know English. Moreoer, they will even have to go business trip for their company. Absolutely, all of these depend on speaking Englishas a result, bare-ass graduates have to know English in order to get a high-quality job, and the others, who dont know English, may have lack of communication and be paid less(prenominal) money.The sec and the most important reason, for English to be the medium of instruction in the Turkish high education formation is that it enables students to communicate with the international world. In these days, in my opinion, the most important thing for both university students and graduates is to follow the development in tecnology. For this reason, they have to learn common language. Certainly, they should not lose their interest on communicating with the world. However, some of the university students cant obtain English education in their university. Unfortunately, these people may lose their communication with worldwide subjects and language essay topics.In short, t hey will not communicate foreign people. To prevent these people from lacking of speaking English, universities judicature will provide English education to them. In addition, university students can use some specific hardware and software of computers with their English to communicate others. For example, the Internet, which, in my opinion, is the largest source in the world, based on English knowledge and information. Also, most of the softwares such as Windows, Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer are firstly written in English, and these programs are the basic spanking things for communication over computer. That is to say, even in a little resarch about something, they need these programs and the Internet to find necessary sources and information.The decision reason for favouring English as the medium of instruction of Turkish universities is that it faclitates accessing information. All of the students have to do some projects or homeworks which are related with their field during the university education. In these projects or homeworks, they have to find some information which is connected with their subject.They find sources from English web sites and books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these process, if they know English, they will not come across with any difficulty, but if they dont know, even they may not use these data. As a result, the student who knows English will be more successful at his/her project. For this reason, to obstruct possible inequity between students, management of universities should accept English as a second language in order to provide accessing information to the students. In short, university students need to know English to access information.All in all, the education in universities should be done with English for three reasons. First, students who know English are able to find their favourite job related with their field. Second, they can communicate with others internationally. Third, as a major language in universities, English makes accessing information easy for students. In my opinion, internationally, people need one common language. For many years, English has been the common wold-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, if you want to follow trends, new gadgets and technology, modernization of the developing world, you have to know English whatever age you are in.Role of English Language in GlobalizationThe Power of English LanguageWithout the powerful language English, connecting nations all over the world would have been something impossible. Communication is very life-or-death in any field, whether it is business, medicine, transport, technology, trade or marketing. English is the language globally accepted and known by all. The role of English language in globalizing people all over the world cannot be just expressed in words the influence of this commanding language is quite vast and diverse to define. If you deal business, dipl omacy, or politics, there should be proper gelling between nations.Deep understanding is very oftentimes important in any field. Without proper communication it is not possible in whichever way it may be. The language you speak does play a big role in conveying and popularizing your skills and requirements. Around 380 million experience English as the first language, two-third of them prefer it as the second. In addition, billions are in the learning process and many are exposed to this unflinching language. unhomogeneous predictions reveal that by 2050, half the world population will be proficient in English language. Hence its relevant how powerful the language is to bring the nationstogether. Whether high or low, it is the language accepted universally. The World Empire by Other Means The Triumph of English. (The Economist, 2001). The power of English languageThe English language stands out from any other language if you consider the nation as a whole. People know its signific ance and that is why the language is taught as the basic language in any country. Internationally speaking, it will be really hard to thrive in this world without knowing English. When you speak of globalization, the first language that comes to mind is English. In order to create an ethically responsible, equitable and tolerant world, the English language plays a crucial role. You may take the display case of any field. In business, outsourcing and communication with clients and other de outgrowthates are very important to exchange and share your thoughts and innovation. This is how business grows.Likewise it is also very important to handle peace and tranquility between nations. If at all an issue arises, only through peaceful talks and conferences the problems can be discussed and sorted. English is the best to make it easier. Many Asian and African countries even accepted it as the standard language to communicate with each other. (Belcher. D, 1994). The language has great imp act on sharing different traditions and cultures of various nations, enhancing better knowledge to know each other. You learn more about the various traditions, culture, and customs of various nations all over the world through travel and study. For both of these to become reality effective communication is a must.The language English enhances a lot in bringing people all over the world together. The internet also plays a big role in promoting English as the standard language understood by all. Through various social networking sites people connect to each other from anywhere around the world, mostly through English. This is because the language is accepted all over the world. English is also very essential for air traffic controls and airline crews. The touch of this powerful language is very evident in every field of study. Even in acquirement and research, the English language is very essential. (The Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago Convention, 1944)English is the International Language and is one of the most popular and most spoken in the technology world. We need to know English language in order to study any science subject or any computer language. We need to know English to communicate effectively too many developed countries. English is very much important in our lifeit is necessary in each and every field. If we know English we never feel tongue tide in count of others. Its a widely spoken language.People take pride in speaking English .if we dont know English, we will leg behind the other. English is a need of hour. Today we cant deny the importance of English in our life.To anyone who lives in an English speaking country, it is of vital importance. Language is always very important, because it is the means of communication. If you cannot speak the language of a place, it will be very difficult to communicate with the people. And so it is an absolute neccesity.We communicate with others every day.Weather we just say hello or hav e a long conversation, or weather we give or follow instructions, or weather at home or at the shop or in the workplace. Communication is a tool for everyday life-Everyone uses it every day. And language makes it a whole lot easier, so everyone learns to speak their native language. And English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and if you know how to speak it, it will be an invaluable tool of communication. You can develop your knowledge for betterment of your knowledge. As long as you educate yourself, you will come across many new things. There is no end for learningA language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the engrave we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of backtalk. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, speci fically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a crabby group of people.Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other livingbeings. Language therefore stiff potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes.A set of linguists who based their assumptions of language on psychology do claims that language is nothing but habit formation. According to them, language is learnt through use, through practice. In their view, the more one is exposed to the use of language, the better one learns.Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the languages vocabulary. The ways in w hich the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the languages syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the languages semantics.The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse.The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have win many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book The God of low-pitched Things. Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe.Ov er the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoors film Elizabeth has got some(prenominal) nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level.English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international vocation it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication.In India, people going from North to South for education or business mostly communicate in English, which has become a link language. care this in mind, the Parliament has also rec ognized English as an official language in addition to Hindi. All the facts of history and developments in present day India underline the continued importance of learning English in addition to vernaculars.Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in universe demand for program line of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction.A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibran t and are developing by the contributions of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language. We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world.English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against ourexperience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international listening and readers.We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousa nds of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural individuation in the world.When William Caxton set up his printing press in London (1477) the new hybrid language (vernacular English mixed with courtly French and profound Latin) became increasingly standardized, and by 1611, when the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible was published, the educated English of London had become the core of what is now called Standard English. By the time of Johnsons dictionary (1755) and the American Declaration of Independence (1776), English was international and recognizable as the language we use today.The Orthography of English was more or less established by 1650 and, in England in particular, a form of standard educated speech, known as Received Pronunciation (RP) spread from the major public schools in the 19th century. This accent was adopted in the early 20th century by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for its announcers and readers, and is variously known as RP, BBC English, Oxford English, and the Kings or Queens English.Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than ccc million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to itslatest phase as World English.English is one of the most important languages in the world. It can even be said o be the single most important language. Yes, other languages are important to o, but not for the same reasons as English is important. English is important because it is, maybe, the only language that truly links the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture.English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable. There are various reasons for the importance of English language. They are listed below.1. Travel When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language.2. Same country In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various c ultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people.3. reading / Studies The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that Englishlanguage is very important.4. Correspondence All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries is in English. This linking factor also tells of the imp ortance of English language.5. Internet In spite of the growth of Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized.The future of English as a language is very secure. In this era of consolidation and trying to unify various aspects of life, it will not be long before English can be made as a single language of the world like the single currency and the due north of various nations.Works CitedBonfiglio, Thomas Paul. Why Is English Literature? Language and Letters for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.ESOE Blog 4 Reasons Why Learning English Is so Important. Reasons Why Lea rning English Is Important, www.elc-eastbourne.co.uk/blog/4-reasons-why-learning-english-is-so-important/.Machan, Tim William. What Is English? and Why Should We Care? Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2013.Swierzbin, Bonnie. Demonstratives Special Place in the English Reference arrangement Why Thats Important for English Language Learners. Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 4, no. 10, 2010, pp. 9871000. doi10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00248.x.

Race and Birdie

Lost in Caucasia an essay on the novel Caucasia by Danzy SennaAds by GoogleAssociate Nursing Courses www. keiser-education. com Earn A class In Nursing From Keiser University. Register Today Why am I posting this? This is an essay I wrote for a Womens Studies course I took in University. When penning an essay or an assignment for school the hardest part for me was figuring out where to start. I believe that getting a few ideas by seeing examples and translation other peoples essays always helped me figure out how I would write my own essay and how to get started.That is why I decided to sh atomic number 18 my essay with tout ensemble of you. Hope this helps Caucasia A Novel by Danzy Senna Pin It Caucasia A novel by Danzy Senna Introduction Caucasia by Danzy Senna is a narrative of a young bi-racial misss journey of coming to race consciousness as she is forced to leave her home in the south end of Boston (a racially motley area), and evaporate into Caucasia (the white nation). One of the main themes in the novel is the issue of race. Senna explores the contradictions between a visible racial indistinguishability and a essential identity, and as a consequence destabilizes the idea of race.The novel Caucasia illustrates the intersectional social constructions of egg white through dames struggles with identity, her standpoint, and the structures of dissimilarity and race seen through her look. individualism Caucasia examines the relationship of identity with the self (body and mind) and how others perceive us in our bodies. Senna shows the reader how identities of gender, race and nationality are intersectionally and socially constructed. In the beginning of the novel fowl has no name, her identity is shaped and formed by how others see her.The confusion shoot feels with her identity is not only due to the discord she feels between her body soma and her physical body which most adolescent filles deal with, but she also feels confusion regarding the mixed messages she receives from the white and black communities because of her white skin. The vitrines of Birdie and simoleons are both bi-racial, however others (including their own parents) see Birdie as white and Cole as black. During Birdies childhood and her time at Nkrumah, Birdie was raised to have a strong black identity.This identity was problematized by her white skin and facial features. At times Birdie entangle as if she was valued less then Cole for not fitting the black image Others before had made me see the differences between my sister and myselfthe metric grain of our hair, the tints of our skin, the shapes of our features. But Carmen was the one to make me feel that those things somehow mattered. To make me feel that the differences were cabalisticer than skin (Senna, 1999, p. 91). Birdie begins her identity quest by attempting to disappear, to release ultraviolet. Birdie recalls a story told to her by Cole about Elemeno.That Elemeno is not only a langua ge, but also a people and a place of safety and inclusion. Cole explained to Birdie that people in Elemeno constantly shift shape and colour in a quest for invisibility in order to survive as a species. The power of the Elemeno people lays in their ability to disappear into any surroundings. In response to Coles story, Birdie asks What was the point of surviving if you had to disappear? (Senna, p. 7-8). Ironically the story of the Elemenos would foreshadow Birdies own disappearance into Caucasia for her own survival.The need for Birdie to disappear or become invisible in order to survive in Caucasia echoes the writings of bell hooks (1992). In speaking of the power and terror of the white gaze historically in the U. S. , hooks explains that there is safety in the pretense of invisibility (hooks, p. 340) and how black people have learned to wear the mask (hooks, p. 341) in an effort to become and remain in that safe haven of invisibility from the terrorizing white gaze. Birdie appea rs to have been wearing the mask since her time in Nkrumah.The hostility of the other children toward Birdie in particular, at the all black school forces Birdie to wear the mask and put on a racial performance for her schoolmates in Nkrumah and she veritable(a) begins to learn to speak in slang to better fit in. The character of Birdie resembles that of a chameleon, constantly taking on the colour of those around her in an attempt to become invisible. This racial performance shifts through Birdies journey as she attempts to fit in with the white teenagers in New Hampshire.Birdie begins to act, talk, and dress up like the New Hampshire teens and as a consequence begins to disappear into Caucasia (the white nation) and her falsified identity of Jesse Goldman. As hooks points out, for white people there is an assumption and hallucination of safety (hooks, p. 340). This can be seen in Sandy Lees assumption that she can easily disappear into whiteness, which she takes for granted. De spite Sandys rejection of her history of white privilege, she always has the safety in knowing that she has the option of disappearing into the safety of whiteness.For Birdie disappearing into whiteness does not denote safety, it signifies losing herself and her received identity. Birdie must contain and compromise her own true identity in order to have this pretense of invisibility. Eventually, Birdies discharge of her true identity drives her to flee New Hampshire and remove her mask. I wondered if I too would forever be fleeing in the dark, abandoning parts of myself that I no longer wanted, in search of some part that had escaped me. Killing one girl in order to let the other one go off (Senna, p. 289).Birdies disappearances throughout her journey were identity forming processes and important for her search for her sense of self and her identity. Birdies identity quest began by attempting to disappear and become invisible, however, her quest comes full(a) circle as she agai n finds herself at the end of the novel. Throughout the novel Birdie also struggles with her sexual identity. Senna challenges the categorization of identities through the character of Birdie and suggests that identity is fluid. Birdie does not fit into the rigid categories of white or black or gay or straight, she is in-between.Standpoint Senna also examines whiteness and its social construction from the character Birdies standpoint in the novel. Standpoint refers to the location or place within the relationship of domination and subordination, that affects what people see or do not see. Ruth Frankenberg (1993) argues that there is a direct relationship between experience and standpoint. She argues that those who are the oppressed in the systems of domination are more in all likelihood to see the structure of domination because they experience it (Frankenberg, p. 5).In Caucasia, Birdie can see whiteness in ways others can not due to the fact that Birdie sits on the boundary of whi teness. In fact, for this same reason Birdie can see lightlessness in ways that others can not. To the black community Birdie is seen as white, but in comparison to the white community she feels like she is black. She looks on at each end of the spectrum to the structures of whiteness and blackness from in-between both. She becomes aware of the white gaze and the power of the white gaze in ways that others can not.Birdie becomes aware of the power of the white gaze real early on as she experiences the terror it puts in her father when he is questioned by the police and accused for kidnapping a little white girl (Senna, p. 60-61). Structures of Difference and Race The setting of the novel Caucasia plays an important role in its examination of the social construction of whiteness. The novel is set during the 1970s in the racially tense city of Boston in the mix of the civil rights movement in the States.Caucasia made it apparent that the nation was very fractured and built on proces ses of excision (and inclusion) and othering. The history of America as a nation has been built through the violent creation of difference, and as a consequence the violence and wedge of difference continues into the time of this novel. Sandy Lee refers to the nation as This war they call America (Senna, p. 331), illustrating the fractured nationalism that exists within the nation. These inequalities that structure differences are relational (relationship between inner(a) and oppressed).Frankenberg argues that whiteness is a racialized identity that is constructed in relation to the racialized other (Frankenberg, p. 13). The foundation of white supremacy is based on the belief that whiteness is a utter(a) category and a dominant race and as such, it must be protected and kept intact. This essentialist view of racism (seeing race as different) is seen in Caucasia in many instances through the reactions to Birdie and Cole from others and how others see them. We can see this in part icular through the characters of Carmen and Grandma Logan.The differential treatment of the two sisters by both these characters shows the hidden prejudices that exist within people shaped by the structures of difference and race. In regards to Grandma Logan, Birdie recalls she believed that the face was a mirror of the soul. She believed, deep down, that the race my face reflected made me superior. Such a simple, comforting myth to live by (Senna, p. 366). Grandma Logan also represents the generational history of whiteness which has placed her in a position of privilege.In hooks examination of whiteness, she explains that white people can safely imagine that they are invisible to black people (hooks, p. 340). This is in part due to the normalization of whiteness by white people in which they view whiteness as non-racial or racially neutral. In Caucasia, Senna constructs whiteness as being the object of critical scrutiny through her character of Birdie. At the beginning of the nov el, Birdie describes most people she sees as having caramel or cinnamon skin without ever identifying them by race.On the other hand, Birdie clearly identifies white people by race with no mention of skin tone. Thus, it becomes evident to the reader that there is a reversal from the usual format in society in which whiteness is seen as the norm. In Birdies world it is black people who are the norm and white people who are the exception. Conclusion Through Birdies journey in Caucasia, the author illustrates the intersectional social constructions of whiteness and rejects the rigid categories of identity that have been socially constructed.Senna also examines the relationships of power and subordination of whiteness and blackness, through the eyes of Birdie who stands in-between the boundaries of these constructed categories. Finally, through Birdies journey of race cognizance we see the structures of difference and how they affect lives. Birdies journey illustrates that the citizens of America all live in very different Americas according to their racialized, gendered, and sexualized experiences and how these categories intersect to create greater difference and further fracture the nation.

The Future Energy Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

The resources of biomass be limited and a deficiency of adequate available cultivated lands may be the major ground to curtail bio elicit ontogeny in the long term 12 . Guaranting nutrient security has been and will ever be a bailiwick scheme for mainland chinaware, sing China has a monolithic population but a cultivated country per capita which is even less than half of the universe norm. China has set the biomass breeding rule that developments of biomass are non allowed to vie with nutrient supply all(prenominal) bit good as lands, on which nutrients are supposed to be cultivated 19 . Therefore, the potency of available fringy land resources is one of the influential factors to find the possible production of purpose-grown thrust harvests. Agricultural and forestry wastes in China will play a important pop off in the next biomass development, in which the aim of goods and services of biofuels in conveyance will hold to vie with the biomass usage of new(prenominal ) arenas, much(prenominal) as electricity and heat coevals 20 .electrical strength is another AVF which drives vehicles to travel by utilizing electric motors. The application of electricity in vehicles greatly improves the vehicles heartiness efficiency and reduces vehicle fumes progresss, which is peculiarly of import in urban countries. Today, some(prenominal) trains and urban rail theodolite systems have been electrified. Electricity is provided straight from a public grid, where energy storage is by and large non a concern 21 . BEVs have drawbacks of a limited drive distance, relatively long recharging clip, a high initial vehicle monetary value, low constituent continuances every bit good as solicits of a to the full essential reloading substructure, etc. 22,23 . Plug-in intercrossed electric vehicles ( PHEVs ) emerged as a possible intermediate measure towards a to the full electric manner. Most obstructions which BEVs have to get the die of now are related to the battery applied science. This engineering is anticipate to optimize the bing Li batteries in the short term and to develop new battery chemical science with significantly higher energy densenesss to enable the usage of BEVs and PHEVs with a longer all-electric scope in the long term 24 . If discoveries of the battery engineering can be obtained in the hereafter, electricity may be the most promising AVF in conveyance, due to the bear elaborateing substructure is non basically disparate from the substructure of the current conveyance system.Hydrogen, an energy bearer, serves as another opportunity to replace the oil color usage in conveyance. Combined with fuel cell engineering, H is transformed to electricity which is so used by electric motors to impel wheels. Advantages of a H fuel cell vehicle ( HFCV ) are observed, such as a long drive scope and zero emanation in a tank-to-wheels point of position provided H is stored on-board and produced off-board. There is an other type of HFCV with on-board transforming of fuels, such as methyl alcohol, to hydrogen but with emanations from transforming fuels and a much(prenominal) complex on-board transforming system 23 . Today, the commercial degree of HFCVs is far behind the degree of biofuels, PHEVs and BEVs 25 . Many challenges of developing HFCVs demand to be overcome in the hereafter including efficiency betterments of fuel cell engineering and cut downing the high initial monetary value of the vehicles by maturating their on-board power system, in which batteries are besides needed today to gaining control and shop electricity, etc. However, the most ambitious trim down of developing HFCVs is the deployment of the H substructure due to both the diverseness of the H production tract and dearly-won H distribution processes 26 .Replacement of oil usage, decrease of fuel ingestion every bit good as a lessening of CO2 emanations from the tank-to-wheels position are three direct benefits of ut ilizing electricity and H in conveyance. However, the last two benefits may lose in the electricity and H production procedure sing most current energy systems are dominated by fossil fuels. For case, electricity from the mean Chinese grid has the CO2 emanation effect ( measured as the CO2 emanation divided by the energy demand ) similar to that of a gasolene tract although a comparatively lower dodo energy ingestion strength ( measured as the dodo energy ingestion divided by the energy demand ) 27,28 . Another survey indicates that if H is produced with U.S. mean electricity ( more than than 50 % of which is generated from coal-burning power workss ) , its usage, even in efficient HFCVs, can still ensue in increased CO2 emanations in contrast, if renewable electricity, such as air current power, is used for H production, the usage of H in any vehicle engineering will ensue in riddance of spurt house gas ( GHG ) emanations 29 .It has been shown that benefits of the oil usage replacing and the limited GHG emanation decrease can be obtained in the conveyance sector by using AVFs which are produced from dodo fuel dominated energy systems 30,31 . However, those benefits are non sufficient and current dodo fuel energy systems can non prolong the development of sustainable conveyance. It is required to place engineerings and schemes in conveyance, by which the oil usage can be replaced and options can be produced based on renewable energy beginnings. Consequences of implementing such engineerings and schemes in conveyance should be analysed in the context of the energy system. incoming energy systemsAs discussed above, the development of sustainable conveyance with a large-scale decrease of GHG emanations and an use of oil independent options demands solutions from an overall renewable energy system. It can non be seen as an isolate development mark as the resources of biomass are limited and other options, electricity and H, are strongly connected with t he remainder of the energy system.Most current energy systems are dominated by fossil fuels. This has posed some known challenges chiefly caused by the burning of these fossil fuels, such as clime alteration, insecure energy supply every bit good as environmental taint 32 . Those challenges will go terrible along with the addition of the dodo fuel monetary value and the growing of the energy demand in the universe. As an option, a suited substructure for the execution of renewable energy may function as a long-run sustainable solution. Future energy systems may hold at least three features compared to current dodo fuel dominated energy systems in footings of energy supply, energy passing every bit good as energy demand ( see Fig. 1-2 and Fig. 1-3 ) .Fossil Fuel 1Power PlantFossil Fuel 2CHPOilaaaHeat BoilerElectricityHeatConveyance sinew supplyEnergy transitionEnergy demandFig. 1. A simplified illustration of a current dodo fuel dominated energy system. Abbreviations used in the figure CHP, combined heat and power.RE 1 sporadicPlantRE 2CHPRheniumaaaIntermittentHeatElectricityHeatConveyanceEnergy supplyEnergy transitionEnergy transition and demandPOLYRE 3aaaFig. 1. A simplified illustration of a hereafter energy system. Abbreviations used in the figure RE, renewable energy POLY, poly-generation works for bio-transport fuel, heat and electricity coevals CHP, combined heat and power.On the energy supply side, large-scale renewable energy beginnings are expected to be utilised as primary energy in future energy systems. Renewable energy beginnings consist of renewable beginnings of electric power, such as air current power, solar power and hydropower, etc. renewable beginnings of thermic power, such as geothermal, solar thermal, etc. and biomass resources which can be converted into many signifiers including liquid fuels, bio-gas every bit good as solid fuels. Bio-energy can be utilised in assorted energy transition processes to bring forwards electricity, to provide heat every bit good as to bring forth fuels for conveyance energy usage 3 .With regard to energy transition, more efficient transition and storage engineerings will be widely needed in future energy systems in which the energy transition procedure becomes more diversified and complex. hotshot energy demand, such as electricity, can be converted from primary energy by utilizing engineerings for illustration intermittent power workss, CHPs ( in footings of steam turbines, fuel cells, etc. ) and poly-generation workss 33 . One energy demand can be converted into another such as change overing electricity to heat by utilizing heat pumps and electric boilers, etc. 34 . One signifier of the energy demand can be converted into other signifiers, such as change overing solid fuels into gas or liquid fuels by the usage of electrolysers or biogas and biofuel workss 35 . Energy storage engineerings serve as the necessary addendum through which benefits of the efficiency bet terment of the transition procedure in the energy system may be reached 36,37 .On the energy demand side, the function of a concluding energy user may alter due to the execution of alternate engineerings, which respond to the demand of bettering energy efficiency in future energy systems. One illustration could be the conveyance sector which used to be the concluding oil user in the current dodo fuel dominated energy system nevertheless, in future energy systems it connects to the remainder of the energy system and likely starts to play functions as both nomadic energy storage and a new power beginning by implementing engineerings of EVs and vehicle-to-grid ( V2G ) 38,39 .Renewable energy engineerings, more efficient energy transition engineerings and energy economy engineerings are three cardinal elements for the hereafter sustainable energy development. Two major challenges of renewable energy schemes for sustainable energy development have been identified 40,41 . One chall enge is to incorporate a high portion of intermittent renewable energy beginnings into the energy system, particularly the electricity supply. The other is to include the conveyance sector in the schemes. The intermittence of renewable energy gives rise to jobs of run intoing the uninterrupted energy demand, procuring the transmittal grid stabilization every bit good as avoiding extra electricity production, etc. 32,35 . Flexible engineerings and equal storage are both needed to ease integrating of intermittent renewable energy every bit much as possible in order to extenuate the force per unit area on the biomass use and accordingly cut down the competition for land and H2O usage between biomass and nutrient supply. The high dependance on oil merchandises and the deficiency of mature options based on renewable energy make the conveyance sector one of the most hard sectors to be included in the renewable energy schemes. The sustainable conveyance development is an of import and ne cessary portion of implementing a hereafter renewable energy system.

Causes and the Course of the US Civil War Essay

The American Civil warfare created the nation of the United States as we contend it today. The bloodiest war in the history of the nation, the victory was a combination of m each factors and many battles that finally resulted in a Union victory. But why would a nation engage in combat so fiercely that more Americans were muddled in the one war than in the American Revolution, WW1, WW2 and the Vietnam War feature?The main effort of the American Civil War was slavery. According to historian David Goldfield, Both Northerners and Southerners recognized slavery as the immediate cause of the Civil War and even Abraham Lincoln acknowledged this fact in his atomic number 16 inaugural address by saying, An eighth of the whole population were coloured slaves, not distributed loosely all over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest all knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. The Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 between two placements the anti-slavery, northern Union and the pro-slavery, southern Confederate States of America. The southern states economies and social structures were built entirely on the concept of slavery slavery was fundamental to the entire economic and social existence. The upper classs riches were all earned from the cotton plantations that provided two-thirds of the worlds cotton crop, all worked by slave labour. When the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 eventually freed the slaves, the southern states economies and social structures were literally turned upside down the South lost half its capital wealth in an instant.Aside from slavery, at that place were several minor causes of the Civil War, including the concept of agriculture versus industry and the states rights to freedom from the tyranny of an overarching federal government, but these cannot be argued as the main cause of the war. If so, the war would have erupted in the 1830s w ith the Nullification Crisis, when President Andrew Jackson stated that South Carolina could not control a federal tax null in their state. In reality, the Confederate government was quite demanding of its citizens, through passing the first conscription Act in the Americas, implementing national taxes, creating a national currency and having a national bureaucracy of 70 000 or more. But governmental reasons for goingto war differed from those of the soldiers. Each soldier likely had a prosaic reason for enlisting, for example, one Alabamian only enlisted after his girlfriend sent him a dress and told him that he should start wearing it if he was not willing to fight for his country. Religion also paid a main role in the Civil War the Protestant North was mellowed motivated to support combat if it preserved their states, ended slavery and promoted their religious denomination.Throughout the Civil War, there were numerous battles fought all across the nation, bringing the end tol l to a total of 680 000. Unknown to most modern-day Americans, for the first year of the war, it seemed that the Confederates had secured a definitive victory. South Carolina had begun the war by attacking fortification Sumter. Three months later, the South then shockingly arose triumphant at the First Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia. Robert E. lee(prenominal) (the assertioner of the Southern military) had highly energized, disciplined and trained soldiers who were fighting on home turf in Virginia on the Eastern front. The North, on the other hand, still believed that the war would be over quickly, and therefore, their soldiers were not so motivated to fight. The next major event of the war was the huge Union victory at the Battle of Shiloh near Pittsburg Landing. This domain was key as it was the crossroads of the Confederates two main railroads. 44 000 of General Ulysses S. renders command were amassed in camps around this area and were attacked at wickedness by th e Southern soldiers. Schermann, one of Grants underlings, heard a noise and went out to investigate, only to realise that the entire Union force in the area was under attack.Lasting all day, and beginning the next at daybreak, the leaders had only a small Methodist chapel in which to foregather to discuss potential rapid strategizing. Due to the Southerners element of surprise and the Northerners superior force, it became the most costly battle of the war to date with 23 000 dead, injured or arrestd, and with around equal numbers on both sides. It was then the South were to suffer a great defeat at the Battle of Antietum Lee marched a force of 40 000 strong to Maryland on 4th September, 1862, only to be met with huge numbers of General George McClellans troops. 23 000 were killed in a single day, and General Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia. After these major humiliations, it wasmonths before the first real turning point of the war when the course began to turn towards a Union success. Although politically the Union made some impact with the release of the Emancipation Proclamation on 1st January, 1863, in reality, there was little change in the secessionist states and the war dragged onwards. An excellent execution of division tactics by Lee resulted in a Confederate victory over the new Union commander Hooker at the Battle of the Wilderness, but at a cost of 24 000 casualties.From May to July 1863, Grant laid beleaguering to the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, starving the population and firing shots at any soldiers who appeared on the walls of the town. After a naval landing, commander Pembertons force of 23 000 met Grants force, encircling and overrunning the city, and surprising the Southerners. The ensuing siege resulted in the Unions control of the lower Mississippi river, after the trapped Confederates surrendered unconditionally. This blocked any avenues for shipping supplies and soldiers for the South, which was extremely important. It also split the Confederacy down the centre, disrupting order and the transfer of information and supplies from east to west. During the same month, General Lee led a force into northern territory and met with Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After a three day battle, 50 000 men had died, a stunning blow to the South.The second important turning point of the war was over a year later in August 1864, when the Union general Sherman took Atlanta, a manufacturing and railroad centre. This capture was important politically, rather than militarily, as it was close to the elections of 1864. Lincoln had to re-run for presidency and at the time, was very unpopular with the Northern population because the war was dragging on, and families were losing their sons and fathers. A intemperate win, in Atlanta, Sherman besieged the city and when the citizens did not surrender, his troops began the famous March to the Sea, a night time march of terror involving all of Shermans command in wh ich the soldiers marched from inland to the city, tearing up railway tracks and destroying all things of value along the way. The March ended in Savannah, where the inhabitants surrendered. With the fall of Atlanta, the publics spate of Lincoln changed putting him in a position of superiority over his democratic opponent, former top general George McClellan. Lincolnselection was an extremely important determinant of the course of the war as Lincoln was determined to have a Union victory, while McClellan did not seem to care which side was victorious, wanting only a settlement with the South.After Lincolns electoral victory, both the Union and the Confederates decided to wage total war, rather than the check war that had been occurring for the last three years. In the mean time, the South was spiralling into despair, suffering under the Union naval blockade, Shermans campaign in Georgia, lack of outside(a) assistance, class conflicts, and a lack of money. The army began to disband , and as the Confederate leaders realized that all hope was lost, Jefferson Davis proposed peace negotiations. Delegations from the South and the North met at the Hampton roadstead Conference in February 1865. Still there was no resolution to the conflict Lincoln demanded that the South surrender unconditionally, while Davis wanted to be granted just independence. In April 1865, however, the conflict was resolved at the Battle of Appomattox when Grants forces broke through Confederate lines headed by Lee, forcing the Southerners into a shameful retreat. Days later, Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. With this, the Civil War had finally come to an end.The American Civil War involved four gruelling years of conflict in which approximately 680 000 lost their lives. With the northern and southern states completely divided on the issue of slavery and the existence of slavery so intrinsic to the Souths entire economic and social structures, there was much f uel for battle a battle largely about the right to human freedom and which lastly lead to the demise of slavery in the United States. The Civil War was a critical part of American history, a defining moment in the future of the nation, and a defining moment in the freedom of all American people henceforth.

Edward Jenner, and Jane Jacobs Essay

This study transmits an account of two authors organises, Edward Jenner and Jane Jacobs who unusually employed scientific methods while researching and writing their novels. The study backs up on this proclamation by providing example and evidence from their text in reference to the books, The closing and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs and Vaccination against junior-grade pox by Edward Jenner. Although, both writers belong to completely different genre where one is a surgeon and the other an urban planner, both apply lucid explanation providing a method. In other words both are empiricists.Empiricism is a hypothesis of wisdom which states that knowledge crops up from experience. Edward Jenners work Edward Jenner established a method which indicated that vaccination was an effective way of obstructing smallpox. For countless centuries, smallpox overwhelmed mankind. In current period we do not have to be concerned about it and all the credit goes to the incredible e ffort of Edward Jenner and afterward progress from his accomplishments. The famous scientist, in his three revolutionary expositions contains his proof in curb of vaccination and illustrates individual cases.The once-feared curse of smallpox has been eliminated by blockade inoculation. Edward Jenner, in his works on Smallpox, very thoroughly documents all of his cases. In the background of medical exam science in the 18th century, this study was a major advancement as it takes up countless fittings of contemporary investigational science we take for-granted today neutrality, hypothesis, and well-nigh significantly, reproducibility. Jenner creates a persuasive case that is beached upon information and direct surveillance in spite of the lack of severe controls and precise arithmetical examination.Edward became aware of the tradition that milkmaids who had cowpox could not acquire smallpox, a sickness which affects cattle. Jenner used a scientific method which included developing a hypothesis, formulating an experiment, performing the experiment, and taking comprehensive notes used to verify or invalidate the hypothesis. He describes many of his cases including that of Joseph Merret, Sarah Portlock and Mary Barge who all had smallpox as a result of different circumstances.Edward Jenner than made an observation as he writes As I have observed, they who have had the smallpox, and are employed in milking cows which are infected with the cow-pox, either escape the disorder, or have sores on the hands without feeling any general indisposition (Edward Jenner, pg 15). He then conducted experiments in order to prove this hypothesis. Jenner injected the cowpox virus into a hale and hearty boy named James Phipps who was eights years old. Afterward, he intentionally infused the smallpox virus into the boy.The boy did not surrender to smallpox, even after continual injections. Jenner conducted this experiment on a total of thirteen patients using cowpox as a vaccine an d thus reached to the result, After the many fruitless attempts to give the smallpox to those who had had the cow-pox, it did not appear. (Edward Jenner, pg 29) Jane Jacobs work The other example used here of work by research and methodology is of Jane Jacobs. The evidence of her work tactic as methodical is taken from her novel The Death and Life of Great American Cities.Jane Jacobs pioneering work is over three decades old which not only break up the conservative ideas on the construction of cities and assisted in reshaping city development, but she did this as an unskillful and as a woman, both historically frowned on in the world of academic psychiatry. With graceful and expressive writing style, Janes work guides us to consider every ingredient of parks, sidewalks, district, administration and economy, as a cooperative element encircling both, structure and going further to the implementation dynamics of our environment.Jane Jacobs acquired no proper education in architectur e or urban development. She relied on personal interpretation of her environment in her town Greenwich in New York City to provide material for her accusations against the imposing gurus of the architectural occupation. Jacobs starts off by qualification an observation of brief history of where recent city development came from. The Death and Life of Great American Cities mainly contains observations made by common feel alongside statistical evidence, finances, sociology and values at the base of the authors opinion.In her point of view, the muddle we identify as cities nowadays emerged from Utopian fantast from Europe and America in the beginning of 19th century. Jacobs claimed that modern system for of planning cities discards the city because it shows no regard to people residing in a nightspot exemplified by layered complications and showing havoc. Now planners use reasoning based on presumptions to find ideology by which to plan cities. Of these strategies, the most ferociou s was urban restitution the most common was separation of uses (i.e. housing and business). She believes that these policies damages societies and inventive economies by forming remote, deviant urban areas. For Jacobs, the solution to this problem, leading to victorious city rests on one word diversity. In the writers perception, this deficiency in diversification results in financial decline, slums, felony, and terrors that are all too known to listeners of the evening news. Cities that function in finest way, utilizes an extensive range of varied interests that draw people and not repel them.Unfortunately, administrator and social planners evermore believe that planning from the top is better always better than taking and initiative from the bottom. Jacobs concludes that all of these plans persist to apply pressure on the modern city, and that all of them are a failure. Jane Jacobs takes us on an expositive journey throughout the tribulations of modern urban foundation which is synthetically engineered to meet political and financial program. After reading this, we have a greater and clearer apprehension of the inherent character of our cities as foundations should be.References Jenner, Edward. 1996. Vaccination against Smallpox. Published by Prometheus Books Hopkins, Donald. 2002. The Greatest Killer Smallpox in History. Published by the University of Chicago Press Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Published by Vintage books Lynch, Kevin. 1960. The Image of the City. Published by The MIT Press Bazin, Herve. 2000. The eradication of Smallpox Edward Jenner and the First and Only Eradication of a Human Infectious Disease. Published by Academic Press

Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S

Globalization owes its origin to at to the outsetest degree the late 1980s. During this period, new nations were entering into manufacturing, which was in some logic the weakest connection in the U. S. series of science, development, manufacturing, and sale of goods and services. However, for some nations such as Japan, lower wages firstly made it possible to go this relative U. S. weakness. Nevertheless, Japan swiftly certain other diverse advantages articulated on improved manufacturing methods (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Impact on dividing line marketGlobalization stimulates extensively differing views and projections, varying from rosy portrayal of a supple, worldwide borderless labor market to awful situations of severe polarization between labor market winners as salubrious as losers. First, let us examine globalization impact on careers (labor) and its subsequent emergences on manufacturing. With reduced trade barriers, new world(prenominal) market organise divulge up as hale as advanced information and communication technologies, the job market was tremendously affected.Globalization has had an astonishing effect on proletariat citizens in the United States, chiefly through the liberation of cs of thousands of jobs brought about by outsourcing, with limited benefits to society (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). The key motivation for the outsourcing of jobs was to cut the extremely high labor costs that are thought to diminish revenue. Employers are reluctant to hire workers callable to high cost of employee benefits, competitive wages, and skyrocketing health-care premiums hence they consider outsourcing the work to be cheap (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003).In essence, it is more than economical for an American firm to hire a computer programmer in India who would be eager to perform the work for about one-fifth the pay of an American employee with a degree, whose starting salary would be about $50,000-$70,000 (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). This leads Ameri cans to be more uncertain about their job pledge since they cannot compete with their foreign counterparts that perform the same quantity of work for considerably less pay.Studies show that an estimated more than 2 million workers in the United States shit lost their jobs in the last several old age due to business closures in addition to layoffs (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003), (Benjamin and Perry 2003). Whereas higher productivity and new management and hiring practices are associated with divergence of jobs, a number of companies are increasingly transferring their businesses to other countries with cheap cost of wages as opposed United States.Manufacturing industry has suffered largely in name of job losses, involving to the highest degreely blue-collar workers. It is however acknowledged that legion(predicate) of white-collar jobs are going to China (for manufacturing) (Benjamin and Perry 2003). In the case of working Americans, they have been negatively affected by the colossal increase in foreign trade. There has been loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs, deductionant overcomeward pressure on wages as well as increased disparity.The doubling of trade as a share of the economy over the last 25 years was accompanied by a substantial trade deficit, directly displacing several million jobs (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Majority of the jobs were in the manufacturing region, which incorporated millions of union jobs that were well paying compared with average wages (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Within a period of five years from 2000 to 2005, there was decline as well as disappearance of more than three million manufacturing jobs.It is estimate that at least 30 share of the decline was due to the deck up in the manufactured goods trade deficit (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). With U. S. multinational corporations creation occupied on both sides of the world-wide trade, almost 50% of all U. S. -owned manufacturing production is now situated in foreign countries, thus a n imperative part of the manufacturing job loss has been due to most of U. S. firms exporting back to the U. S. or producing abroad what they once produced locally (Benjamin & Perry, 2003).The loss of manufacturing jobs as result of globalization saw wage losses for displaced workers, majority of whom never regained their former wage levels even after acquiring new engagement. Globalization had also the effect of increasing world production capacity, which had had the effect of sonorous the prices of traded goods, the consequence of which saw workers pay being reduced to reflect the lever of goods produced (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Employers to oppose wage increments for the manufacturing employees used the direct foreign threat.Similarly, the flow of investment in whole kit and caboodle and equipment and technology oversaw increase in foreign productivity in sectors that used to be U. S. export strongholds, resulting in declining terms of trade and hence declining real income g rowth. outlast but not the least, as foreign trade drove workers out of manufacturing into poorly stipendiary service jobs the new supply of workers competing for the same jobs orchestrated lowering of wages of similarly skilled service workers. What does it imply?It implies that throwing the American workers into competition with production derived from low-wage countries, both those workers engaged directly in import-competing sectors as well as all employees economy-wide who have similar expertise and qualifications will have their wages squeezed. In fact, whereas trade flows with low-wage nations have increased, the distribution of income and wealth in the U. S. has full-grown more and more unequal (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Impact on input versus output International Trade is increasingly imperative in the global economy and to the United States in particular.During the last 15 years, global sells abroad have more than tripled and have accounted for more than a third of globa l economic growth. In deviation from the preceding decades, when industrialized economies dictated global trade flows, there has been an increase in developing economies share of global exports by just over a one-quarter in the late 1990s to 41 percent by 2004 (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Increased participation in international trade by the developing world is a crucial force behind what many refer to as globalization.Actually more than 50 percent of US trade presently carried out with developing countries, up from just over a third in the late 1980s. In US economy, manufacturing is the most trade-engaged sector accounting for 60% of the plains exports and 80% of imports. Globalization has had an important impact on U. S. manufactures, as manufactured products accounts for 75 percent of worldwide trade (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Following vigorous intensification of both U. S. manufactured exports and imports at some stage in the mid 1990s a noteworthy departure has taken place.Ever since 1998, U. S. sells abroad have grown by just 3 percent per-year (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). The countrys share of world exports fell from 13 percent in 1998 to just 9 percent in 2004 the lowly allocation dating 17 years back. Happening correspondingly, imports grew by 8% per-year and the manufactured trade shortfall increased from -240 one thousand million to -603 billion by 2005 (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Whereas a variety of the latest import surge has been as a result of the strong U. S. conomy (especially since mid-2003) the truth remains that today, trade ins account for over a 35 percent of manufactured products consumed in the United States an increase from 25 percent in 1992 and just 15% a 10 years earlier (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). A 66 percent of the increase in manufactured imports since 1998 originated from the developing world, and half of that has came from China alone. This rise in import penetration and loss of export competitiveness has had a significant impac t on the current state manufacturing (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994).While in general, manufacturing production has improved from the 2001 decline, currently positioning at 6 percent above its pre-recession high, in addition to manufacturing employment increasing moderately subsequent to bottoming out earlier in 2004, the present manufacturing resurgence has developed half as fast as the recoveries following the preceding four declines (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Of eminent concern is the loss of market share both at foot and abroad in recent years by the Unite States manufacturing.While some articulate this market share loss to be because of the inevitable unhealthful trade policy as well as globalization, to others this serves as a pointer to the fact that in a time of severe global competition, changes in a countrys competitiveness have much larger effects at present than they had in previous decades. Consider dollar value for instance. After sustaining stability for the better part o f a decade, its value increased by 28 percent through the period running from 1996 to 2002.Dollar value increase led to imports being competitive in the US market, whereas concurrently it made U. S. exports more costly in markets overseas. It was during this period that, the rise in import penetration as well as the loss of global export share abroad was most significant. In a period of elevated international competition, US manufacturers have crucially been burdened by high structural non-production costs. Over the last decade, U. S. manufacturers have increased their productivity by over half, more than 150 percent the pace of their major trading partners.Conversely, much of these efficiency gains have been offset by rising non-production costs at home. As per a research carried out several years ago by the NAMs Manufacturing Institute, which compared non-production costs on U. S. manufacturers to their nine major trading competitors The findings indicated that Corporate Taxes on U. S. manufacturers were 16% high than those of their major trading partners. Benefit costs 36% higher, Regulatory burden 85% higher and Litigation 250% higher. Summed up, these excessive non-production costs add 22% to the cost of manufacturing in the U.S. and put U. S. manufacturers at the same level with Germany as most expensive place to produce in the world (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Moreover, the recent rise in natural gas prices in US has only exaggerated the problem. If US could exclude those excessive costs, it would actually be a lower-cost place to manufacturer than most of their industrialized competitors (Broda & David, 2006). Outsourcing has seen the elimination of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the United States within the manufacturing industry.Outsourcing not only benefited US corporations, but also minimized the benefit to society (Broda & David, 2006). To assign an anecdote to this observation that outsourcing only benefits corporations plot, only minimizing t he benefit to society, Tyco Corporation, recently relocated to a location in Texas. Two of the major grounds for their relocation were due to the fact of lower labor costs as well as cheaper manufacturing costs (Broda & David, 2006). This was due to the comparatively close proximity to Mexico.Tyco perhaps took advantage of the immense number of immigrants that move to Texas, who can work for comparatively low pay, which would facilitate raise, their bottom line. In so doing the company laid-off more than two hundred employees, some of this had been with the company for almost thirty-five years who had been making close to $22 per hour. The net effect was that these employees had to look for fresh employments, in lower-paying positions that maybe paid half as much, as well as they lost all of their seniority (Broda & David, 2006).Conclusion Even though there has been decline in jobs as well as universal interest within the manufacturing sector, outsourcing has had its benefits withi n the United States (Mandel, 2004). Sadly, it has been a consequence of just corporate welfare. Outsourcing has absolutely maintained costs low because of cheap input costs, which drips downward to the end user in low-priced products. In addition, with productivity rising from annually, corporations have been capable to raise their bottom lines while avoiding price surges (Mandel, 2004).Regrettably, corporate profits are escalating, save for there are no new jobs being createdjobs relocated to other countries are not being replaced. If blue collar, working-class citizens as well as the jobless workers who experience no job intensification are losing out, in that case who is winning the battle? Fine, additional productivity as well as lesser-input expenses decode to higher wealth. Businesses with their continually increasing profit limits consumers, who experience near to the ground cost of goods.Furthermore, with no job growth in the current economy, there is really no new job indu stry to lead the way in creating new jobs. Too many U. S. jobs are being outsourced, and without the innovation of new industries, job growth will stay sluggish, demand will eventually sag, andincomes will be driven down under the continued pressure of competition from China, India, and other low-wage countries (Mandel, 2004). However, with the innovation of new upcoming technologies there can be an explosive surge in employment and enormous potential for the economy.

Study On Child Focused Practice

All the instructors in the assorted schoolings have the duty of provision a safe milieu for the churls that be in their several schools even up as they carry proscribed their primary end of educating them. This is a state of affairs where the instructors get out be in a position to mown(prenominal)tain themselves safe while as well as maintaining the pip-squeaks safe. Child foc commitd conception has two chief components. First, the modus operandi is founded on a peasant focussed belief that all the kids have the right to safe convert during their childhood and besides the right to turn up in an environment that is safe. Second, the public assistance and demands of the kid ar the cardinal elements and the cardinal focal point of pattern. The instructors in this instance should because go on mate professional cognize how and experience in order to supply the beat attention possible to the kids. It is hence rattling of effect that the disposal in a school ensures t hat the instructors have equal cognition and preparedness in the country of kid focussed pattern so as to guarantee that the kids in the school are in an environment that is contributing for larning. It is even of import for the instructors themselves because they will be in a place to be able to associate good with the scholars in general. Many scholars particularly the immature 1s ablaze state up to their instructors as function theoretical account or as responsible people whom they may desire to emulate. The instructors should guarantee that they have the proper preparation in order to supply the most conquer environment to the kids. This paper will thitherfore focal point on given an account of what the kid focal point pattern is and why it is built-in to being a instructor.Bing kid focused leads to an environment where the experience of the kid is the most important and the instructors and scholars are judged harmonizing to the results and larning roles of the kid. They are both important and hence they should be given equal attending because of otherwise it will non be helpful. The instructor being checkerer focussed agencies that he/she acknowledges the signifi contributece of cognition and of the kid. However the focal point is on the kid as a scholar and the scholarship procedure. Where instructor concentrates on the kids and the skill procedure and he/she integrates that with their cognition, category and school validation that will take to the highest grade of accomplishment and motive for scholars, that is what being kid focused is just about ( McCombs & A Whisler, 1997 ) .Making an appropriate environment for larning involves values. The values are by and large cosmopolitan but they disagree in some countries or states due to the difference in civilizations and norms. The values are what that affairs and they trope the instruction pattern. If what really affairs is non clear or what the jurisprudence shapers think affairs is non in epithelial duct with what affairs to the scholars or instructors so the environment suffers. Child focused pattern besides has a race with beliefs, characters, patterns and features of instructors. The single instructor will hence hold an influence on the result of the pattern. Where the instructor does non guess that the pattern is appropriate for the kids, the instructor will most likely neglect it or pattern it shoddily ( McCombs & A Whisler, 1997 ) .Teachers who base their patterns on the kid focused attack have some alone features. such(prenominal) instructors will acquire the scholars involved in doing the determinations refering what and how they are to larn and how the appraisal of that acquisition should be conducted ( Crick, 2006 ) . The alliance of the instructor and the scholars is of import because they will experience that they comfortable in that environment. Such instructors besides value the several(predicate) positions of the assorted scholars and do non esch ew down any of the scholars. It is of import that the instructors encourage the kids to portion their sentiments for them to experience that they are in a safe environment. This is a manner that the instructor can demo the kids that he/she attentions about them and their positions.Teachers who are focused on the kids have regard and accept the difference in the background, abilities, involvements, and experiences of the assorted scholars ( Crick, 2006 ) . This is of import because the instructors will be in a place to appreciate each and every kid provided as he or she is. It is of import that the instructor has a clear apprehension of the different kids because it even determines how such a instructor will turn to the kids separately. Respect is of import because the instructor will hardly acquire it from the kids if she/he respects them excessively. The instructors should besides see the scholars to be their spouses in the acquisition and learning procedure ( Crick, 2006 ) . The instructor should non try to travel entirely but should instead indulge the kids in the patterns. Such features are of instructors who have the proper cognition and apprehension of what it means to be child focussed and those are the instructors who nominate a good environment for the instruction and acquisition to take topographic point expeditiously.Focus on the kids allows the immature scholars to incite their ain acquisition. Through this, the instructor is able to concentrate on the kid and it puts evince on emotional and cognitive growing. Child focused acquisition is based on the criterions of major educational research workers and child psychologists. In a schoolroom that is child focussed, the kids will be allowed to originate their ain acquisition by taking the activities that they are interested in. they are allowed to work on their ain to recover their potency without being directed as to what they should make. This will besides let the kids to originate their ain a cquisition in ways that are easy for them.to understand. They will take their ain acquisition manners by themselves. The assorted kids in a schoolroom learn in their ain alone ways and there is no manner in which they can all larn every bit through the utilisation of a common attack to all ( Crick, 2006 ) .A kid focussed schoolroom is comprised of much acquisition by manner of playing. This is why it is really apparent that this sort of acquisition is used at the really early phases of larning. It is of import the kids play together with their equals so that they grow socially. There is besides the publicity emotional development in a kid focused environment where emotional look and ego impudence are encouraged. It is of import that the instructors understand the significance of drama and particularly to the really immature kids. This is of import because the instructors will so be in a place to promote the kids to play therefore advancing larning. The instructors should feign as facilitators instead than teachers. They should be at that place merely to steer the kids instead that state them what to make. This is because in such an environment the kids are supposed to be encouraged to originate their ain acquisition. The instructor should besides be involved in giving a proper organisation and construction in the schoolroom and go forth the kids to research their ain potency ( Hersh, 2009 ) .The construction of the schoolroom in a kid focused attack should besides be different. It can be done by administering the scholars otherwise in the schoolroom harmonizing to their accomplishments and involvements. The kids can be divided into multi age groups or larning communities. This will assist the kids in a certain group to turn together and assist each other because they will likely hold better apprehension among themselves. Due to the fluctuation in the ability of the scholars, the manner in which that they are assessed can besides be customized to the pupil u ndertakings. The instructors will hence hold to follow flexible rubrics and other methods that may even be informal ( Hersh, 2009 ) .The instructors have the duty of guaranting that the kids in their several schools develop in the best manner possible and accomplish the best result. The instructors play a large function in guaranting that the kids learn in a proper environment for the result to be desirable. The kid focused pattern by instructors ensures that the kids initiate their ain acquisition. The instructors should hold equal cognition and apprehension of the pattern in order to use it in the most effectual mode. The beliefs and values of the instructors will hold an consequence on the impact that the pattern will hold on the kids. The instructor should besides be in a place to flirt with and understand the different backgrounds, abilities, involvements, and experiences of the assorted scholars.